Binge drinking Essay Example for Free

bout crapulence Essay? overgorge drinking, especially among the youth, has been on the fig up in Singapore. explore some of the reasons why youths spa to binge drinking and the consequences. What is binge drinking? This happens when some 1 drinks excessive amounts of alcohol. To drink alcohol socially is one thing, For instance, at parties and at gatherings. Conversely, when alcohol is heavily consumed over a short period of cadence, also commonly known as, binge drinking, it brings about undesirable health effects to the body. Binge drinking has been discovered to be more common among youths aged 18 29 years old in Singapore.Statistics show that 18. 7% of them have been found to be men and 12. 2% of them women (Binge drinking among, 2013). Peer pressure, affluence and examine are some reasons why youths engage in binge drinking. It is crucial to explore reasons why youths revel in binge drinking despite its obvious dangers. Binge drinking nominate be set forth as exce ssive drinking which can be hazardous to ones health. This essay will discuss the reasons why youths enjoy binge drinking and its destructive consequences. Peer pressure is one of the essential drivers of binge drinking.Teenagers are often influenced when they see their friends drinking while some simply do non want to feel left out at parties and gatherings (Dowshen, 2013). Who would really want to stand out from the rest of their friends? It is normal and common for teenagers to want to fit in. umteen a times, teenagers find it difficult to resist their friends invitations and hence, end up indulging in binge drinking with their friends. This is to a great extent common among teenagers with friends who systematically drink. Affluence is another cause of binge drinking.It is often stereotyped that youths of low-income families are more likely to resort to drinking and substance abuse due to monetary and emotional problems. However, findings have proven otherwise. Youths from af fluent families are highly inclined to engage themselves in binge drinking due to the pressure that is placed on them by their parents to excel well in school and all other areas (Luthar, 2014). Apart from that, with the accessibility to easy money, loads of free time and lack of maternal supervision, affluent youths result to bingedrinking because of the carefree and luxurious lifestyle they live in (White, 2007). Stress is a popular reason why teenagers resort to binge drinking. Teenagers are often stressed out with school. Case in point, when they are loaded with huge amounts of homework and given almost no time to finish them. They view alcohol as a way to get themselves high and relieve their stress (Cyhlarova, 2010). This frequently brings about binge drinking. Apart from the stress they get from school, teenagers can also be stressed due to relationship issues. They heavily depend on alcohol to dispose of their worries and stress.Binge drinking can result in both long term a nd short term health effects. Some long term effects are liver malady and kidney damage. Alcohol poisoning is one of the most deadly short term effects of binge drinking (Burke, 2012). At the point, when an individual consumes alcohol excessively, their pharyngeal reflexive and breathing gets affected. The pharyngeal reflex is known to help to prevent one from choking. Therefore, if the reflex does not function well, one might die of choking on their own vomit. In conclusion, parents play an enormous role in being a good role model to their children.They are responsible for educating their children from young on the impacts of binge drinking and why they should not engage in it. In addition, parents can be vigilant and keep an eye over their children. For example, keeping swing of their daily activities and the people they hang out with. Research has shown that when parents go the extra mile and put in effort to be more involved in the lives of their children, it reduces the like lihood of their children drinking. Teenagers can also play their own part in protecting themselves from falling into the trap of binge drinking.They can do so by wisely choosing their circle of friends. They should avoid having friendship ties with friends who consistently pressure them to drink along with them and instead make good friends with those who lead them in the right path. Binge drinking is a behaviour that comes with a heavy price to pay. However, with the right prevention measures put in place, teenagers can stay safe, away from this deadly habit. (620 Words)References Binge drinking among young adults remains a concern, say doctors. (2013). Retrieved from http//news. xin. msn. com/en/singapore/binge-drinking-among-young-adults-remains-a-concern-say-doctors-1 Burke, D. (2012). Alcohol overdose.Retrieved from http//www. healthline. com/health/acoholism/overdoseOverview1 Chavez, N. (2004). Preventing adolescent binge drinking. Retrieved from http//www. youthbingedrinking. org/you/parents. php Cyhlarova, E. (2010). Alcohol a curative for stress? Retrieved from https//www. drinkaware. co. uk/check-the-facts/health-effects-of-alcohol/mental-health/alcohol-a-cure-for-stressadverse Dowshen, S. (2013). Binge drinking. Retrieved from http//teenshealth. org/teen/drug_alcohol/alcohol/binge_drink.html Luthar, S. (2014). The problem with rich kids. Retrieved from http//www. psychologytoday. com/articles/201310/the-problem-rich-kids Wilkins, E. (2008). Teens, alcohol and binge drinking why kids are drinking cloggy alcohol at a younger age. Retrieved from http//www. empoweringparents. com/Teens-Alcohol-and-Binge-Drinking. php White, P. (2007). The dare side of wealth risks associated with growing up in an affluent family. Retrieved from http//www. drpaulwhite. com/the-dark-side-of-wealth-risks-associated-with-growing-up-in-an-affluent-family-%E2%80%93-risk-1-drug-alcohol-abuse/.

How It Feel to Be Colored Me and How to Tame a Wild Tongue Essay Example for Free

How It Feel to Be swarthy Me and How to Tame a Wild Tongue attemptSometimes we know who and what we are, but its impossible to wear an identity without becoming what we pretend to be or bullied into silence allowing ourselves to be made a victim to oppression. In this essay Im comparing the authors of How it Feel to Be Colored Me by Zora Hurston, and How to Tame a Wild Tongue by Gloria Anzaldua. Gloria Anzaldua became a victim of oppression by accepting society expectations of the Chi cigaretteo culture. Meanwhile, Zora Hurston accepted who she is despite who people perceived her as because of her skin color. These two authors defends their personal identities by dint of their cultures in separate ways. In the story How to Tame a Wild Tongue, Gloria Anzaldua feels that the way someone is cannot be controlled it can only be erased she states Wild tongues cant be tamed, they can only be cut out (Page 31). Anzaldua was against losing her accent and had an issue with putting her fi rst words as a second. She would heighten as a child when told not to speak Spanish, so she struggled with changing and adapting to the American culture. She believed her culture the Chicano culture needed to differ from others with a secret language they can be able to leave amongst each other. Chicano Spanish need to identify ourselves as a distinct people. We needed a language which we could communicate with ourselves, a secret language (Page 32). By creating their own slang allows them to connect their identity and communicate reality, values, and things they have in common. Yet, Zora Hurston in the story How it feels to be Colored Me expresses the way she was created doesnt bother her nor makes her sadden. I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I dont mind at all (Page 145). Unlike other colored people she doesnt hate herself for the color of her skin, shes proud to be created as the person she is without regret . Although, shes constantly reminded of her culture background it fails to bring her integrity down, because ancestors paid the price of her free start in society, and shouldnt fall in to reflect on choices that wasnt hers. Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the grand-daughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. I am off to a flying start and must I not halt to look back and weep. Slavery is the price I paid forcivilization, and the choice was not with me (Pages 145-146). Zora Hurston doesnt consider herself a part of her culture who uses their skin color for a bad excuse for why theyre in negative life situations. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who holds that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are hurt about it (Page 145).

Construction sector of India is an integral part of the economy

social system sector of India is an integral part of the economyIntroduction edifice sector of India is an integral part of the economy and is progressing on account of urbanization, industrialization, economic development and peoples soaring expectations for improved quality of living. Between 2004-05 and 2008-09 average real harvest-feast has been an impressive 12.28% year-on-year (y-o-y), which reflects the countrys immense need for continued investment in transport infrastructure, electricity generating capacity and housing, as well as the build-up of industrial capacity (BMI, 2010).cleavage of Construction constancyThe Indian Construction Industry can be divided into residential segment generating 85.8% of the total revenues and the non-residential building segment that generates 14.2% of the constancys value (Data proctor, may 2009).(APPENDIX 1)Real Estate Corporate Industrial Residential Commercial(APPENDIX 2)Infrastructure Roads Urban infrastructure Railways AirportPorte rs Five ForcesThreat of New Entrants negociate Power of SuppliersBargaining Power of CustomersCompetitive Rivalry within the IndustryThreat of SubstitutesBargaining Power of SuppliersIndian social structure industry consists of two categories of suppliers, those providing construction materials and those who propose constructional services like electrical installation In India there are many small players in the construction material manufacturing industry, which weakens the supplier indicator (Data Monitor, May 2009).The subcontractors who provide constructional services are in a weak position due to the existence of many small operators. Overall, supplier power in this industry is moderate.Bargaining Power of BuyersBuyers in this industry are few and large such as government agencies or other major organizations, or else than individuals. The presence of low cost along with the strong price sensitivity of choose strengthens buyer power in the industry.Also the buyers are rar ely undetermined of integrating backwards and take over the practicalities of the project themselves thereby proving that the buyer power in this industry is moderate (IICCI, 2008).Threat to New EntrantsThe governments recent loosening of the rules governing hostile companies entering the Indian industry has boosted the entry of young players. Since a very small amount of capital is adequate to enter this industry and the contractors can reduce their costs by renting rather than buying equipment, the labor grocery is extremely elastic. Overall, the little terror of new entrants to the industry is strong.Threat of SubstitutesThe threat of substitutes in this industry is very weak as it is unlikely that any alternative expenditure would be satisfactory for a buyer even if he has the requisite funds for a new construction project. Even if buyers have the option of renovating an existing structure rather than investing in a new construction, players in the construction and engine ering science industry remain likely to be involved.Competitive Rivalry within the IndustryThe atmosphere of a secure harvest within the Indian construction industry rests rivalry by creating space for expansion. The low capital cost of market entry translates into low sunk costs reducing the exit barriers. Thus the rivalry is considered to be moderate (Data Monitor, May 2009).Key Players in Construction IndustryLarsen Toubro Limited (LT) is one of the largest and most esteem technology, engineering, construction and manufacturing companies of India.Jaiprakash Associates Jaiprakash Associates Limited principally provides civil engineering and construction services primarily in India. They earned a revenue of about 65000 US $ in the year 2010. (Business Wire, November 2006)Hindustan Construction Company HCC is one of the leading construction companies of India having built several landmark projects in Indias Hydro Power and water resources sector (Sandeep Sawant, Sept. 2007).Ga mmon India It is the plainly Indian Construction Company to have been accredited with ISO 9001 certification for all fields of Civil Engineering Works. Gammon employs expertise who has proved their innovative skills in India and abroadPESTLE Analysis of Construction IndustrySource http//www.whatmakesagoodleader.com/macro-environment-analysis.htmlPolitical FactorsSEZ ActSpecial Economic Zone is the new target for real kingdom investors. As of date there are 105 approved SEZs in India (General K this instantledge Today, Feb 2010). Laws governing these zones are more liberal in nature than the modify laws and enhance a countrys technology growth, infrastructure and economic development.FDI LiberalisationThe government of India has permitted a Foreign Direct Investment of 100 % for development of townships in India. India is now 2nd most preferred country for FDI after China. Opening of FDI in construction and allowing developers to raise capital in laynational markets has led to d evelopment of larger projects (Mohit Saraf, July 2009).Impact of REITsThe introduction of Real Estate Mutual fund (REMF) and Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) has boosted real estate investments from the small investors aspect.Economic Factors unwashed Domestic Product (GDP) GrowthIndia is witnessing tremendous growth and expansion of construction activities and construction is the largest component of GDP. It has been ontogenesis at a rate over 10 % in the past few years when GDP was around 8% (Farook Azam, 2010).(APPENDIX 3)Source IHS Global sixth senseChange in DemandChanges in the demand due to factors like changes in disposable income of perspective buyers and inflation may affect the construction industry. With the easy availability of housing loans and tax redemption on loans the demand for bases is increasing and thus construction is gaining weight.Fluctuations in Prices of InputsMany builders tend to stop work when the prices of inputs like cement, iron etc go up and wait trough the prices come down. This leads to unnecessary time lag in the work and the cost of wasting time would actually be more than the increase in price (Arghadeep Laskar and C. V. R. Murty, 2003). kind FactorsGoodwill of the CompanyBrand name of a builder or the company plays an important role in convincing the buyer to buy the house and be sure of the quality of construction work done. A low credibility or image can lead to poor financial instruction execution. parking lot BuildingsA green building is one which uses less water, optimises energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to conventional building (India Today, Vol. 34, Issues 1-8). The estimated market potential for green building was about $ 400 million in 2010 and is increasing continuously.Technological FactorsUpgrading of TechnologyUse of low grade technology in the construction sector leads to low value addition and low produc tivity apart from sub standard quality of construction and time over runs in projects. Due to lack of technology, construction can suffer in terms of quality and design.Source managingthedragon.comReady Mix ConcreteThe business of create potpourri concrete in India is in its infancy. Indian ready mix concrete business uses only 2% of the total cement production. The increasing use of ready mix saves time and allows better quality too.Legal FactorsThe National Housing PolicyNHP (1998) was formulated to address the issue of sustainable development of infrastructure. The Government helps to provide fiscal concession to carry out legal and regulatory reforms and create and enabling environment for the construction industry (P.R. Swarup, Director General, Construction Industry emergence Council, India).Environmental FactorsUncertain CalamitiesUncertain environmental hazards like earthquakes, floods etc. have a disastrous impact on the construction industry and can delay construction a s well.This has been witnessed during the construction of the Metro line in the capital of India, New Delhi where one of the railway lines being constructed collapsed due to heavy rainfall and hold up the total completion time of metro.Structural Drivers of ChangeGlobalizationAfter the policy of globalization being introduced in 1990s, the private companies started being more informed about construction products and there was inflow of construction based knowledge and technology from other countries to ours changing thinking towards the whole construction scenario.Import and merchandise procedures, customs and excise laws and ease in operations of foreign accounts minimized controls on industry and rapid growth took place. Due to simplified single windowpane clearance import export procedures became easier thereby allowing Indian construction Industry to compete in overseas market (Accommodation Times, 2009).Technological DevelopmentsA key driver of transformation for the Indian construction industry is technological change. Global telephony, satellite communications and video links are now widely available (Shakantu, 2000). information and communication technology (ICT) is strongly influencing technological change (CIRIA, DTER, 1999).Simulations of entire construction processes and systems can be developed to determine the optimal approach to achieving desired performance (Shakantu, 2000 Fisher, 1993 Coyle, 1996).Changes in Government PolicyThe government policies helped in boosting the real estate sector by substantial cutting interest rates and facilitating greater ease in credit. Recent excise duty cuts on cement and trade name also reduced the construction costs. These recent government initiatives increased liquidity in the market and brought down the interest rates to a more realistic level. aliveness Cycle of Construction IndustryThe Indian construction industry is in its growth stage growing at over 20% over the past 5 years. It has witnessed a revolution, operate by the booming economy, favorable demographics and liberalized foreign direct investment (FDI) regime (World Market Intelligence, March 2010).We can say that the sector has been performing quite well over the past decade. Despite the demoralise global scenario, the Indian market was protected from the effects, as the economy as was more robust than its counterparts. The pace of private construction slowed down unless remained positive.With the growing capital inflow within India and from abroad the demand for infrastructure is likely to increase. The Indian government has been a major investor in this sector in do to stimulate the development of construction industry to the requisite level required to achieve the next growth target. (K.V.S.S., Narayana Rao, 2009).Although steady progress through the construction industry is not inevitable, the life cycle concept does none the less remind construction companies that conditions will change over time. ( Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2008)(APPENDIX 4)In 2013, the Indian construction and engineering industry is forecast to have a value of $55.3 billion, an increase of 44% since 2008. prox Scenarios for Construction IndustryScenario 1 New Equipment, Technology and MaterialsInvolvement of Indian consultants in international projects has led to blend of new materials, equipment and technologies in the construction practices of India. Very soon the growing demand for such advanced equipment will wring the builders to manufacture these as well.The government has also taken some remarkable initiatives to ensure that its basic infrastructural structure is more efficient and world-class. Therefore billions were spent on constructing bridges, roads, railway transportation, power infrastructure etc. Construction equipments especially earth moving equipment sector has benefited the most from these developments and is poised to grow at double bod CAGR by FY 2014 (Free Press Release, 2010). It is exp ected that during 2007-2015, the potential investment for new equipments and materials will be around US$ 750 Billion.Scenario 2 Employment OpportunitiesIndia with its high potential untapped market attributes has become a favourite destination for global construction equipments companies. There will be demand for over 24.3 million new dwellings for self-living in urban India alone by 2015 (Housing Skyline of India 2007-08)Considering governments projects lined up for the Eleventh Plan period, the demand for construction is expected to grow by at least 8-9%, and 2.5 million employment opportunities per annum are expected to be generated ( BMI, 2011).Thus those who are looking for opportunities in this sector would be rewarded with accelerated learning and fast progress.Construction Industry has created a need for the full spectrum of employees varying from professionals like civil and mechanical engineers and architects to daily basis wage construction workers and industrial worker s such as steel and cement manufacturers to highway toll booth operators. Thus it is advisable to join a leading Indian Construction Company, or a multi-national present in India even from a beginners level as there is large scope for training and rapid upward movement through the ranks for talented individuals.Scenario 3 changing Indian EconomyThe changing economy is placing increasing pressure on Indias physical infrastructure, not only from population growth and developing economic activities, but also structural changes in the economy. Indias economy now clearly reflects a steady decline of primary sectors, such as agriculture, forestry, and fishing, giving more importance to the non primary sectors such as service and manufacturing industry. But it is predicted that growth in construction spending in the longer term is likely to be enormous, driven by a rising population and a growing middle class.Since 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) is now allowed in construction, it now allows significant inflows of capital to meet growing demand from the increasing middle class.Indias population growth rates remain well above replacement level and the come up of people living in urban areas is likely to grow significantly (BMI, 2011).( APPENDIX 5)ConclusionThough all these scenarios are linked together and their inter relationships can produce long and complex results, growing population is the key driver of success of the construction industry. (Johnson , Scholes Whittington, 2008)According to me the second scenario is the most influencing scenario as it is right off linked to Indias growing population which is an unstable factor growing at a fast rate and directly linked with the success of the construction industry.BibliographyIndia Netzone, (2008), temper of Construction Industry, Available at http//construction.indianetzone.com/1/nature_construction.htm. Accessed 15 March 11Indo Italian Chamber of Commerce Industry (2008), Overview of the Constructio n Industry in India , Opportunities, Available at http//www.centroesteroveneto.com/pdf/Osservatorio%20Mercati/India/Ricerche%20di%20Mercato/2009/Construction%20Sector.pdf, Accessed 15 March 11Info Shine (2008),Construction Real Estate Available athttp//info.shine.com/Industry-Information/Construction-and-Real-Estate/855.aspx, Accessed 15 March 11Research Markets (2006), Indian Construction Industry An Analysis., Description, Available at http//www.researchandmarkets.com/reportinfo.asp?report_id =335655t =dcat _id=,Accessed 15 March 11Credit Analysis Research, (2010), Indian Construction Industry, Available at http//www.careratings.com/content/ResourceCenter/reports/Synopsis_for_Construction_Industry.pdf, Accessed 15 March 11.Farook Azam (2010), institute of Industrial Engineers, The Construction Industry in India , Available at http//www.iienet.org/Details.aspx?id=20432 , Accessed 15 March 11.CBS Interactive Business Network (2006), The Indian Construction Industry, Available at http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2006_Nov_20/ai_n16851629/?tag= content col1, Accessed 15 March 11Law is Greek, (2010), An Overview Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in India, Available at http//www.lawisgreek.com/an-overview-special-economic-zones-sez-in-india/, Accessed 15 March 11Johnson, Scholes Whittington (2008), Industry Life Cycle, Exploring Corporate Strategy, 8th Edition, Pg 68-69 Accessed 16 March 11Accommodation Times, (2009),Globalization of Construction Industry Available at http//www.accommodationtimes.com/property-rates/globalisation-of-construction-industry/, Accessed 16 March 11.World Market Intelligence, (2010) , Future of Construction In India, Available at http//www.docstoc.com/docs/25943727/The-Future-of-Construction-in-India, Accessed 16 March 11Moht Saraf (2009), Real Estate, Indias Real Estate Sector An Overvie, Available at http//www.whoswholegal.com/news/features/article/18426/indias-real-estate-sector-overview/ Accessed 16 March 11K.V.S.S., Nar ayana Rao, (2009) Industry Analysis Valuation, Infrastructure INDIA Version 14, Available from http//knol.google.com/k/narayana-rao-k-v-s-s/industry-analysis-and-valuation/2utb2lsm2k7a/950, Accessed 16 March 11Hindustan Construction Company India (2007), HCC About HCC, Available at http//www.hccindia.com/hcc_admin/data_content/pdf_files/HCC_bags_Rs._693_.61_crore_Euro_1_.457_crore_order_from_Delh_.pdf, Accessed 16 March 11Arghadeep Laskar and C. V. R. Murty (2005), Challenges before Construction Industry in India, New Materials, Equipments Technologies, Available at http//www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/RP/2004_Challenges_Construction_Industry_Proceedings.pdf, Accessed 16 March 11Free Press Release (2010), Indian globe Moving Equipments Industry to Boom in Near Future Available at http//www.free-press-release.com/news-indian-earth-moving-equipments-industry-to-boom-in-near-future-1287567300.html, Accessed 16 March 11Business Monitor International (2011), Industry bespeak Scenario, Availabl e at http//www.businessmonitor.com.libproxy.nlb.gov.sg/cgibin/request.pl?SessionID=393511974808887view=articleviewerarticle=446198service=22iso=INmetaid=190, Accessed 16 March 11APPENDIXAppendix 1Source IHS Global InsightAppendix 2Source IHS Global InsightAppendix 3Source IHS Global InsightAppendix 4Indian Construction Industry Value ForecastSource Data Monitor

Womens Engagement in Politics

Womens Engagement in PoliticsWhy be there relatively few women engaged in political operation?IntroductionIt is evident that women atomic number 18 belowrepresented in government and in world(a) do non engage in political activity in the kindred numbers as men do. Various explanations relieve integrityself been used to explain this phenomenon entrenched discrimination on the part of candidate selectors, elite possible action as well as the Supply and Demand Model. This paper visits each explanation in turn finding some value in each. Finally, the argument is make that another possibility is that the trunk has been created by men for men. When states and constitutions were created in todays developing countries, women did not flip the right to vote, own property or engage in any political activity. Therefore, one could argue that the terms of the social contract on which liberal democracies are base are male- centrical and do not allow for the impact representation of w omen.Theoretical PerspectivesWomen and DemocracyBeyond the basic interpretation of nation as rule by the population, scholars have noted that democracy has evolved, changing over time and space and responding to evolution in public af plea veritable grounds. As explained by Meny it is commonly accepted that democracy has varied over time, evolving from a rather elitist and restrictive form to a much open and participatory form of government (Meny, 2002, p.10). Dahl identifies deuce-ace evolutionary waves, or transformations of democracy, from the Greek city- state to the republic and finally to the nation- state (Dahl, 1989).Further more(prenominal), Dahl identifies the basic criteria for a democratic exhibit as effective involution, voting comparison at the decisive stage, enlightened understanding, control of the agenda by the plurality, and equal chance (Dahl, 1989). Effective participation is the requirement for citizens to have an equal chance of expressing resource for the political outcome, and their choice should be weighed as equal to that of any other citizen. Enlightened understanding means that citizens should be informed in their choice and have an understanding of the system.At first glance, indeed, one would be surprised with the arguments posed by some Feminists that standard definitions of democracy such(prenominal) as the above are discriminatory against women and legitimize a gender- biased system. Waylen asserts democracy defined in these panaches becomes a political method simply an institutional arrangement to sire and legitimize leadership (Waylen, 1994, p.332). To help us understand statements like these, we should consider the preeminence amongst different kinds of equality and the historic inequality democratic systems have imposed on women. There is an important distinction between equality of opportunity and equality of upshot. If a system merely start outs at equality of opportunity then giving women the right to vote and come forward as candidates would be an end in itself but if equality of result is sought, then one would see that external factors diminish the value of equality of opportunity (Karam ed. 1998).A historic overview of democracy reveals that as a system in application, it is embedded with inequality. The democrats in ancient Greece excluded women, slaves and immigrants and considered foreigners to be barbarians and therefore inferior to the Greeks. At a minimum, democracy requires that people have the right to vote, and this right was not given to women until recently 1919 in West Germany, 1920 in the USA, 1921 in the UK and 1971 in Switzerland (just to name a few examples of developed and democratic states).In accounting for this inequality, Feminists emphasize the concept of patriarchy and the distinction between the public and private empyrean. Patriarchy1 means rule by fathers and mainstream political theory argues that this system has been obsolete and no longer n exist ence since more than three hundred years ago. Feminists, however, have always been pointing out that it still exists. Pateman argues that patriarchy has been stand ind by fraternity2 through the establishment of the social contract.Patriarchy has its foundations in the separation between the public and the private sphere, thereby keeping women confined in the private sphere, removed from politics The division of public and private disembodied spirit as one that differentiates the woman (private) from the man (public) is the overarching ideological tool of patriarchy (Corrin 1999 quoting Eisenstein 1984).Liberal DemocracyThis system aims to check both the tyranny of the majority and the disgust of power by a government, usually through a system of checks and balances. The system merely aims at equality of opportunity (and not equality of result or of condition) and accountability through voting. It assumes that society consists of a plurality of interests which compete with each other over influence over political outcomes. As a result of this competition a stalemate may occur which means little or piece meal change to the system can be achieved and thus the status quo perpetuates.This model embraces the distinction between the public and private sphere. 3 Feminists therefore criticize liberal democracy and assert that inequalities between husband and married woman reduce the value of political life for women. Feminists also feel that a gender- neutral approach to citizenship (as is proposed by liberal democracy) actually serves to exclude women. Phillips argues that concepts such as the individualistic, citizenship, rights etc are male categories (Phillips, 1991).Participatory DemocracyThis model requires social equality and emphasizes participation. It challenges the private- public distinction and proposes that for democracy to be meaningful in the public sphere there must also be democracy in the private sphere. Feminists agree that voting is not enou gh and that there must be discussion and participation. However, feminists argue that this model also creates an elite of active citizens. As certain categories of women such as housewives have less free time, they are less equal to be active in public affairs and would therefore be disadvantaged.Elite TheoryElite theory assumes that throughout history there has been a assemblage of people who rule and the rest who are ruled by them. Essentially this theory is about power and its distribution. Gaetano Mosca argues that the existence of the elite and its dominance depends on its organizational position and abilities. Mosca entrusts that the more organized minority will prevail over the less organized majority. Mosca distinguishes between an upper stratum elite (small group of political decision- makers) and a lower stratum of the elite, who perform lesser political functions. Mosca saw elite- formation as inevitable if the mass were to rise against the elite and replace it in gov ernment, another small group would rise from within the masses and prevail over the rest. Mosca saw elite theory and democracy as congruous (Rush, 1992).Michels drew upon Moscas iron law of oligarchy and argued that like all other organizations, political parties are dominated by their leadership. Pareto diverges from the Marxist notion that the elite are defined in economic terms, and argues instead that it is human attributes such as motivation and abilities which define it (Rush, 1992).Political RecruitmentThe Selection ProcessNorris and Lovenduski identify three levels of analyzing political recruitment a) systematic factors such as the legal system, the electoral system and the fellowship system, which set the context for analysis, b) context- setting factors such as party organization, rules and ideology, c) factors influencing directly the recruitment of individual candidates such as resources and motivations of applicants and the attitudes of gatekeepers (Norris and Lovend uski, 1995).The recruitment process is generally evaluated by testing whether the system is democratic (involving local activists and grassroots members), whether it is fair (treating all applicants every bit), whether it is efficient (as a decision- making process) and whether it is effective in producing candidates of a high standard (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).There are six main types of pickaxe process and these are 1) informal- centralized, where constitutional mechanisms may be in place but in essence patronage controls outcomes and rules are largely symbolic 2) informal regional where factions bargain in order to get good positions for their candidates, 3) informal- localized where the decision over which selection procedure will be used depends on local groups and therefore procedures vary and the system is open to manipulation by small groups 4, 5) formal- centralized/ formal- regional where party leaders at guinea pig or at regional level have the power to necessita te candidates and 6) formal- localized where constitutional rules and guidelines create a standard procedure and all applicants are treated equally (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).harmonize to Norris and Lovenduski in the long term the main change in recruitment within British parties has been in process rather than power. There has been a gradual evolution from an informal- localized system based on patronage in the nineteenth century towards more formal- localized system today based on more meritocratic standards (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.5).Supply and DemandIn analyzing trends in political recruitment, Norris and Lovenduski present the Supply and Demand Model based on a supply and demand model, the study distinguishes between the factors influencing the supply of candidates willing to come forward and the factors influencing the demand of party selectors in making their decisions ((Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.14). On the Demand side, selectors choose based on perceptions of the candidates abilities, experience etc. Such perceptions can be affected by discrimination and stereotyping either in a positive r in a negative way. Direct discrimination is judging people as members of groups instead of as individuals. Imputed discrimination amounts to selectors favouring certain categories of candidates e.g. women or racial minorities (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).On the Supply side, selectors may argue that certain categories of people such as women do not come forward as candidates. Motivation and constrained resources may affect potential candidacies. Also, demand and supply are inter-related some may be deterred from coming forward out of fear of discrimination (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).Applied to the baptistery of women, the Demand side proposes that women may have lower resources in terms of money and time as well as lower levels of political desire and confidence. On the supply side, selector may employ direct or imputed discrimination against w omen the basic problem is that selectors are not enthusiastic about women candidates. They believe the electorate does not want them. They do not see women as having the same commitment as men. They do not know how to categorize them in short, they break different standards (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.115 quoting Mitchell 1982).Party SelectionIn the Conservative Party, following the Chelmer Report 1972 the rules guiding procedures were revised. This slightly strengthened the role of party members at the expense of the constituency executive director committee. In 1980 the Conservative Central Office introduced managerialist selection boards to scrutinize candidates on the Approved List before they could apply. These boards aimed to produce better quality candidates and fairer procedures (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).The Labour general party modernization in the 1980s included selection rules reform. Thus, there was a mandatory reselection for officers, a formalized selection procedure and power shifted downward to an electoral college of all members. To encourage more women candidates the Party altered short listing rules and introduced more training programs (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995). For the general election 1997 Labour introduced women-only shortlists whereby a balance wheel of local parties were required to shortlist only women candidates for selection. The policy was then withdrawn as it was found in breach of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975.The electoral SystemAccording to Norris and Lovenduski the British electoral system is commonly seen as contributing towards the localism of the selection process, by strengthening the links between individual MPs and their constituency (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.28). The British first- pass- the post system is based on a 651 plurality, single member districts and opportunities are determined by the number of seats. Voters can vote for or against individual candidates, but have no say over who is pl aced before them as a candidate (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).The incumbency turnover hike constrains opportunities to enter parliament. The rise of careerism whereby MPs enter parliament at a younger age and see their position as a career yet supports this proposition. The party system is a further constraint traditionally the UK was considered a two- party system, but this has gradually been weakened in the post- war period (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).Conclusions report for Womens Under representationThe Discrimination ArgumentSome feel that women are discriminated against by part selectors discrimination by gatekeepers is probably one of the or so common explanations of the social bias in our parliament (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.123). However, it is difficult to establish proof of this discrimination. Others feel that at present the system is open to women and explain the under representation in terms of structural constraints such as lack of confidence or the difficu lty to combine family life with a career in politics (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995).There is also the argument that selectors may not be biased themselves, but may feel that the electorate has biased perceptions. Therefore, to avoid losing they do not select risky candidates such as women or ethnic minorities. In general, winning candidates are perceived as local, white, middle class and male perceptions of expect electoral gains and losses reflect, and thereby reinforce the dominant class and racial biases within parliament (Norris and Lovenduski, 1995, p.136).The Elite Theory argumentAn application of elite theory to liberal democracies at present, confirms the validity of this model. Electoral systems may mean that the voters do not have a genuine choice and that this lies in the hands of the selectorate, usually party officials studies in a number of countries show that in socio- economic terms the differences between successful and unsuccessful candidates are not great and that the selection of candidates is often in the hands of a small group of party leaders and activists (Rush, 1992, p.66).The Social Contract RevisitedNadezhda Shvedova identifies the difficulties women face in achieving equal representation in government political, socio-economic, and ideological/psychological obstacles (Karam ed. 1998). Political obstacles include the type of electoral system ( Shvedova believes proportional representation is better for increasing womens representation), prevalence of the mannish model of political life e.g. the predator mentality that is supposedly alien to women, and lack of party support. Arguments of socio-economic obstacles usually stem from the theory that higher development brings more democratization Ideological/psychological obstacles are the traditional social roles assigned to women and men, womens lack of confidence, the perception of politics as a dirty, and the way in which women are portrayed in the mass media.In newly democratized coun tries mechanisms such as quotas have been devised to ensure equal representation. Quotas are introduced to make sure that women constitute a certain percentage of the members of a public body such as a candidate list, committee, parliament assembly, or government. They usually aim at achieving at least a critical minority of 30-40% for women (Karam ed. 1998). The three most common forms of these mechanisms are constitutional quotas which reserve seats in the national parliament for women, election law quotas which are written in national law, and political party quotas which are adopted by political parties to achieve a certain percentage of women as candidates.According to Dahlerup, History seems to prove that the implementation of a quota system is made easier in a new political system than in an older one, where most seats might be occupied, and consequently a conflict may arise between the interests of new groups versus those of the incumbent (Karam ed. 1998). Countries that hav e implemented quotas for women are Uganda, South Africa, Argentina, Brazil, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Eritrea, Tanzania, Belgium, Italy and Namibia (Karam ed. 1998).An example of a newly democratized state where women played an important role in creating the institutions and the foundations of the state is South Africa. According to Seidman During the South African transition women activists played a surprisingly important role in the negotiations, in the elections, and in designing the new state. Womens participation is already leading to new approaches in policy making and, I will suggest, to the construction of a new vision of gendered citizenship (Seidman 1999, p. 288). This illustrates the ambiguous relationship between development and democracy, and the relationship between the role played by women in freedom or independence struggles and their subsequent role in the new state. .However, it is more difficult to implement such mechanisms in older democracies where rules of pro cedure and systems are entrenched. Another reason is that the liberal democratic model creates systems that are less gendered than the participatory democracy model, for example, would. This may not have been done to purposely discriminate against women it may be more about the general ideology of liberal democracy. A good illustration would be the case of the USA where the founding fathers of the American Constitution aimed at creating a free society. Free however, does not imply equal in resources or in condition. Liberal democracy can be therefore criticized because the state will strive to achieve the equality of disadvantaged people it is more likely to act as a neutral mediator or even observer in the free, pluralist system, where the strongest group/ elite will prevail. It therefore follows that in such a system, reforms to improve the representation of women in political activity will be piece-meal and gradual.ReferencesCorrin, C. (1999). Feminist Perspectives on Politics, E ssex, Pearson Prentice Hall.Karam, A. (ed) (1998). Women in sevens Beyond Numbers, Stockholm, International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).Waylen, G. (2003), Gender and changes What Do We Know?, Democratisation, 10 (1), p. 157- 178.Waylen, G. (1994), Women and Democratisation Conceptualising Gender Relations in Transition Politics. World Politics, 46 (3), p. 327- 354.Seidman, G. (1999), Gendered Citizenship South Africas Democratic Transition and the Construction of a Gendered State, Gender and Society, 13 (3), p.287-307.Phillips, A. (1991), Engendering Democracy, Cambridge , Polity.Pateman, C. (1988), The Sexual Contract, Cambridge, Polity.Meny, Y. (2002), De la democratie en Europe doddering Concepts and New Challenges, Journal of Common Market Studies, 41 (1), p. 1-13.Dahl, R. (1989), Democracy and Its Critics, New Haven London, Yale University Press.Rush, M (1992), Democracy and its Critics, Harvester Wheatsheaf, Prentice Hall.Norris, P. and Lovendusk i, J. (1995), Political Recruitment Gender, career and Class in the British Parliament, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.1Footnotes1 Adrienne Rich defines patriarchy as a familial- social, ideological, political system in which men by force, direct pressure, or through ritual, tradition, law and language, customs, etiquette, education, and the division of labour, determine what part women shall or shall not play (Corrin 1999, p.8 quoting Rich 1997).2 Fraternity means rule by brothers and is seen by Feminists such as Pateman as equally discriminative against women as patriarchy3 Plato and Aristotle had made this distinction in their writings (Phillips, 1991)

Non financial factors before decision to discontinue course

Non financial factors before decision to stop over courseAs the course used to be popular, there must be certain summate of students give up joined for this course. Thus, if Mawar College wants to discontinue this course, they must place their first priority to these students. As what they expected, students will have tons of questions and of course they will feel preclude and angry. They could even come let out with the petition with the hopes that the college could continue rail this course before they graduate. Even if the college has decided to discontinue this course, they also have to consider on where they should place these students as they only halfway studying for this course. They have to understand that all told these students will absolutely feel unhappy and discontent if the college place them in a nonher course that is not as famous as the course they be studying now. This issue could possibly bother the students and could affect their emotions making them o nly to concentrate well on their studies. (Olejnik and Holschuh 2007)These grievance students will also raise this issue to their p bents and again, their parents will call or even pay a reduce to Mawar College to identify the reasons and details that halt the course from continuing. However, the college has to remember that not every of these parents are understanding and willing to listen the explanation by management. As creation customers, most of them only concern on how much they have already paid and where their children will be placed to. Even some of these parents might show and quarrel with the college management. When these parents concerns are not being addressed, they might carry out some conducts which could possibly spoil the reputation of the college. For example, these disgruntled parents will start ranch their dissatisfaction about the college because of its failure to meet and satisfy their suspense. (The Associated Press 2010)Recapping above, the image and re putation of Mawar College will be affected and people will start losing confident to the college. separate students might reluctantly register to any courses that run by this college as they worry the same incident might be happening again. Even their parents may discourage them from studying under this college and request them to further their studies in another more reliable college. This has clearly showed that their good impression to the established Mawar College has dashed out and people will scarcely believe this college anymore. The Mawar College rankings among other colleges can come to a deep come to pass and they might face difficulties to gain back their credibility and again be competitive advantage among its competitors. (The Indian Express Limited 2010)Besides of affecting the reputation of the college, the reputation of the well-known University will also be affected. People around the world will start doubting whether the University is having any problems that lead to the discontinuing of the course. University will definitely feel displeasure and will not accommodate any accusation that will influence its goodwill. This would certainly be a hard job for the college to run any courses under this University in the future since they have break their promises. The University could possibly sue the college if the college breaches the contracts. Hence, the college has to bear the risk of facing legal suits from the University if they have decided to end the course. The college might lose huge amount of peachy for the purpose to compensate the University because of their doings and this would be a loss to Mawar College. (The Times of India 2010)As the college has already employed a large group of full-time referee for this course, thus every of this lecturer will be affected too if the college discontinue the course. They could be appointed in teaching another course and subjects or even discharged by the colleges that will definitely reduc e their level of income. Their motivation and enthusiasm in teaching will also decrease callable to their dissatisfaction to the college. This could also affect the rest of the college employees and their level of production will start decreasing once they have lost faith to Mawar College. (Race 1999)Other than above, there are still many factors that the college has to realize and take into neb before making their decision. As the course used to be famous, I can assume that certain scholarships and loans have been given to some students to further up their studies on this course. Therefore, it would be a tough and complicated task that these students have to gone through for the cancellation of loans or transferring their scholarships if this course has to be stopped. Certain welfare organizations such as Genting Malaysia and Hong Leong Group that provide free scholarships to Mawar College on this course will also feel discontent because it will burden up their works when the stu dents have more enquiries regards on their transferring or cancellation of scholarships. (Sunway University College nd) People that do not understand the reason of why they discontinue the course might also claim that the only intention for the college is to make profits and ignore the future of the students.Thus, all these will trouble the college and they hardly to extend in the market as people and other Universities have lost their reliability to this college. The college might face problems when they have to search and look for other Universities and running their courses because these Universities also dread the same case will be happening again and affects their reputations. Mawar College will also face difficulties in employing high qualification lecturers payable to their spoilt image and have no choice but to employ new lecturers without much teaching experiences. As they are new, most of them still could not master the lectures and issues such as the failing of students in exam could possibly occur because they do not know the correct ways of teaching the students. When the students are unable to show their achievements, again the reputation of the college will be affected. (BNET nd)All these clearly show that there are different non financial factors that the college has to consider and it is minded(p) to make a correct decision in order to prevent any unforeseen circumstances from happening that could lead them into a deep fall and hardly for them to bounce back in the education industry.Part C investment appraisal methods are act as a tool for homework an investment and decide whether or not to accept the projects. (Gotze et al 2008) There are a few different investment appraisal methods can be used, including fireed cash flow (DCF), requital, (Smith 2007) and Accounting Rate of Return (ARR) whereby DCF includes the methods of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The NPV under DCF has been recognized as the overweight of all the investment appraisal methods due to its consideration on the time value of money. This time value of money refers to the amount of money that the business command to be compensated for forgoing the use of the money for a extremity of time if it has to be invested in a project. (Evans et al 2003)NPV is a method of including all the cash inflows and outflows that will be earned and used in a project at a chosen acceptable rate of return and fetching the net total. (Evans et al 2003) Even though there are many advantages in using NPV, but payback method and ARR are still astray used and adopted by many businesses due to the limitations brought by NPV and benefits of payback and ARR methods. (Fabozzi and Peterson 2003)The weaknesses that business normally face when using this NPV approach is they hardly to make perfect long-term forecast of cash flows they can receive in the future. No company can predict the future cash flows as factors such as future sales, be of lab or, interest rate, and government policies can affect the estimated cash flows. Overestimation or underestimation can sometimes bring uncountable loss to the business. (Siddiqui and Siddiqui 2005)Further, in reality it is difficult for business to determine the discount rate, which is cost of finance or cost of capital. It is not an easy job to calculate various costs of finance such as share capital and loans. (Coombs et al 2005) They also have to take the bank interest rate, risk and future inflation into account when deciding the cost of capital because the money value of RM1 in the future will be lesser than its today value. (Bowhill 2008)Moreover, NPV method will assume that the discount rate will remain the same throughout the project running periods. But in fact, these discount rates are easily swayed from year to year. condescension has to prognosis the future discount rate which sometimes might be a big differences compared to their forecast with the real situation. (Gropp elli and Nikbakht 2006)Besides that, NPV also not suitable to be used in the situation when comparing projects with different lives times. (Siddiqui and Siddiqui 2005) They also have a weakness whereby they never take the sizing or capital invested into account but only look at the higher yield of NPV. (Moyer et al 2009) This can be shown by the example where a project with size RM1 million that yield NPV RM1500 will be recommended compare to other project with capital RM 1000 with a NPV of RM800. (Coombs 2005) Calculation of NPV which is expressed in money conformation is not favorable by most of the companies compared to percentage form. (Fabozzi and Peterson 2003) payback method also has been called as payout method (Belkaoui 2001) and it refers to the number of years a project or investment will take to pay back the initial cash outlay. This is only done when the cumulative cash inflows equally same with the cash outflows. (Bowhill 2008) Payback method is still widely used beca use it offers information regard to the risk of the investment. Risk analysis can be made depends on the payback period of the investment. (Moyer et al 2009) Risks will be dwindled by using this payback method because it focuses on earlier cash flows and not the later cash flows which are hardly to predict especially in this fast pace world. (Walker 2009) The business will face less risk with the shorter payback period and vice versa. (Moyer et al 2009)Furthermore, payback method will clearly show the fluidity of the investment because it measure the net cash earned by the investment in shorter term. (Bowhill 2008) For company that ever so concern the liquidity of their businesses will definitely adopt this helpful method so they could know whether their businesses are in strong or weak liquidity to perform or carry out any plans or activities. (Moyer et al 2009)This simple to use and easy to understand method (Walker 2009) can be employ especially to small projects where only a s imple decision is needed without consider other cash flow implications. (Bowhill 2008) There is no complicated count needed and thus many companies find it is the best way to check whether the money invested can be generated back in reasonable period of time. (Groppelli and Nikbakht 2006) remnant but not least, ARR is the average annual profits divided by the initial investment and it also known as Return on Investment (ROI) that used for performance appraisal. (Walker 2009) The investment will only be accepted and applied if the ARR was the same or higher than the target rate set by the company. (Bowhill 2008)This percentage form of ARR is easy to compute and understand especially to business people because it sounds familiar as return on capital employed that in the main applied by companies. (Coombs 2005) ARR is always been used due to its consideration on all the returns and whole life of the investment into account. ARR is the only one that is based on the accounting profits and focus on accounting income rather than cash flows. (Belkaoui 2001) The amount and value calculated by ARR also relevant and used for financial statement presentation such as balance sheet. (Shim and Siegel 2004)

The Meaning of Doctrine of the Trinity in Christianity and Islam Essays

THE MEANING OF THE DOCTRINE OF THE TRINITY IN CHRISTAINITY AND ISLAM The dogma of the Trinity is one of the most difficult aspects of Christian life. Some people may look at it at a glance, believing that such study will encourage them in their faith and there believes. Others argon concerned about the Islamic believe of the doctrine of the Trinity, which make it trinithesim. For a mo nonheistic religion like Islam, Christian and Hindi, it is both improper and not ideological to believe in any idea of three gods. In Christianity the doctrine of the Trinity accepts that god is one which implies that God, the Son and the devoted Spirit are one, He exists as three persons Jesus Christ the son revealed himself as the Father in some passage in the Bible, and the Holy Spirit, the bond of drive in between Jesus and the father. The concept of the holy Trinity for many centuries has serious conflict in defining it from different religions and scholar. Christians believe in the Trinity , and also a Christian believes in God the father God the son and God the holy spirit. Some people may even believe in the wonders of the Holy Spirit. However, if one does not believe in the orthodox concept of the doctrine of Trinity, then that person cannot be regarded as a Christian. Nevertheless, the Trinitarian theology is not intimately understood completely. It is one of those mysteries of faith. In Islam the belief that God is one, and oppose the Christians that such a concept is a denial of religion which states that monotheism is the practice of one God. The al-Quran has repeatedly and affirm that God is one. People of the Book, do not go to excess in your religion, and do not say anything about God remove the truth the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, w... ...vealed in Jesus Christ (Murad). Mohammed is seen as one who wrote down the revelation entrusted to him by angel Gabriel Jesus is one, who was himself the definitive revelation of God (Murad). Classic Christian theol ogy holds that, as God incarnate, Jesus reveals God and makes restoration to him possible through his saving death and resurrection. The Islamic criticism of the doctrine of Trinity is a more fundamental concern about the identity of Jesus Christ himself (McGrath 204). For many Muslim in the world today, Jesus was a prophet to them and not an incarnate of God as the Christianity believes. The doctrine of Trinity has never been seen as compromising or contradicting the unity of God. The Trinity, to put it as scarce as possible, is ultimately the distillation and correlation of the Christian traditions immensely rich teaching about the nature of God.

Essay --

The marrows of observational learning on children Does allowing children to watch violent television and what they entrance on a daily basis in their lives from peers and enceintes effect their actions, and thoughts? The answer is simply yes When it comes down to the facts, childrens behaviors are greatly influenced from what they see going on around them. Children can be taught to be violent or they can be taught to be kind, they can be taught to be confident, or they can be stripped of their self-confidence, they can be taught to be great or they can be taught to fail in sprightliness all from detect how adults and peers in their life act. Children start out in life observing everything that everyone and everything around them are doing. They learn to walk, talk, and feed themselves from observing what their parents, siblings, and other people around them do. They learn these things from observing and then imitating them. It has been found that infants as early 6 weeks old i mitate facial expressions and infants 6 and 9 months of age have shown to exhibit deferred imitation of actions present with objects (Jones, Hebert. 197). Recently researchers at the University of Washington and Temple University have found the first evidence revealing a key aspect of the brain processing that occurs in babies to allow this learning by observation (Baby Brains Learn Through Imitation). In their schooling they found that when a baby observed an adult touch a toy with their hand the same part of the brain that controls the same hand on the child would light up. The same was true if they observed an adult touch the toy with their foot, the foot part of the childs brain would light up. These results showed that when babies observed someone els... ...Jones and Hebert found that infants as early as 6 weeks old imitate facial expressions and infants 6 to 9 months of age have shown to exhibit deferred imitation of actions demonstrated with objects. Greer, Dudek-Singer a nd Gautreaux found that even weeks after their study was completed that the childrens behavior was still able to be reinforced with the plastic discs that were used in their experiment. The exposure to chronic alcoholism by parents effect children well into adulthood and in almost every area of their lives from health to relationships and Huesmann, L. R., Moise-Titus, J., Podolski, C., & Eron, L. D. found that exposure to early childhood violence on television effectuate children well into adulthood. These studies are proof that what children observe baffleing up does effect what they learn and can have horrible effects on who they are when they grow up.