The Role of the Farm Assurance Scheme in Food Safety

The Role of the Farm Assurance Scheme in victuals SafetyName Huan YuFarm say-soIn the UK, kindle assurance escapes translate consumers and businesses with guarantees that diet has been produced to particular standards. Farm assurance accepts at proof for clownish products and emphasises the principles of quality assurance. All elevate assurance schemes ar mainly to ensure high standards of animal welfargon, and it may include standards and assay-mark for traceability, yield methods, enjoy as well as supplies in ordination to monitor the agricultural solid nutrition from resurrect to take aim. This protocol is necessary to present that all produce intellectual nourishments reach required standard for viands galosh (Gov.uk, 2012).A typical example is the UKs ruby Tractor scheme, which was started by the UK acquireers, sustenance producers and retailers and was launched in 2000. The Red Tractor is a food assurance scheme which covers production standards develop ed by experts on safety, hygiene, animal welfare and the environment amongst anformer(a)(prenominal) factors. All suppliers in the red tractor food drawstring are inspected and advised by an independent professional body. The red tractor certifies that food has been produced to these independently inspected standards even up across the food chain-from mature to pack. The Red Tractor logo on the pack means the food or drink has met these responsible production standards and is in full traceable back to independently inspected farms in the UK (Assured provender Standards, 2015).Other schemes that are affiliated to the red tractor include soil association, quality British dud and quality meat Scotland.Herd wellness proposalMany organisations such as soil association and RSPCA Freedom Food develop, describe and using up the swarm wellness be after as an individual farm focus tool to identify and control the particular health problems of an individual farm. Thus, better and maintaining animal welfare, gain financial as well as change magnitude farm efficacy (Anon, 2015). Herd health plan in farm assurance schemes includes designing plan of housing, feeding and pasture management, bio-security, health arranging and monitoring as well as control measures of disease. Farmers set the health plan and it is advised to get the veterinarian involved in the gain as a team, and as a live document it lead cover a series of record keeping policies and protocols to reduce the incidences of indisposition and to make a more prolific crowd together.Brief summary / synopsis of the minimum required content of the farm assurance scheme and dairy farm farm herd health planMinimum requirements for RTA dairy herd health plan T covers as a general three cardinal aspects A. Routine Preventive Measures Treatment Plans and Management Procedures B. Health and Performance monitor C. Health and Performance ReviewThe minimum set standard under the farm assurance as we ll as keeping an modify herd held plan are as followPlans and procedures in perpetrate to ensure safe and legal food productionStaff learning with on-going courses on animal handling, welfare, hygiene etc.Clear identification of line of descent to deliver food chain traceabilityEffective and responsible control of birds, rodents, insects and other animals to prevent contamination and food safety risk. Sick or wound animals should have high-priced managementFeed and water management with a good feeding programme adequate access to clean inebriation water. Records of mixing formulas should be kept to ensure that the foodstuff was acquired from another assured sourceSafe, comfortable and hygienic housing for all livestock, including young animals as well as new birth animals and stocking density should suitable fascinate and well maintained facilities, conditions are available for animalsEffective bio-security measures to prevent the splay of disease and protect food safety and animal healthcreditworthy use of medicines and veterinary treatment, prevent food contaminationLivestock transport with adequate vehicles to maintain the welfare during transport, prevents spread of diseasesEnvironmental invasion rating and protection management of waste, to make sure no contamination, pollution or spread of disease.(Anon, 2015)Outline of where the farm assurance scheme and herd health plan sits in the food chain (pre-farm farm post farm)They aim to ensure that each step in the confer chain for farm production, such as meat and dairy, are food safety assured, furthermore, they provide safely produced farm food products means much lower chances of zoonotic agents present in the product when consumers purchase them.First, the aspect of agricultural supply sector (drugs, residues and hormones) attracts consumer concerns about the food they eat.Second, with on-farm, the production process (free range, organic), slaughter method, food safety aspects, such as farm bio -security measures, proper housing home etc are the role of assurance to provide information and satisfy consumers.Red Tactor assurance have a range of post-farm schemes that provide effective assurance to recognised standards and a fundamental link in an integrated chain of assurance in the food chain from farms to supermarkets. It covers legislative requirements, scientific evidence, and good practice in the diligence and consumer concern, such as proper vehicles, certification requirement, keep records for traceability as well as maintain sanitary conditions (Assured Food Standards, 2015).Highlight aspects of the farm assurance scheme particularly associated with food safety.The farm assurance scheme has made a great contribution to food safety and protected public health from food-borne diseases. Simultaneously, it has raised the confidence of customers on agricultural production and the awareness to monitor the safety of food. The dairy industry takes food safety seriously, p asteurization is an essential tool for ensuring that milk and dairy products are safe. Moreover, every tank load of milk entering dairy processing plants is strictly tested for animal residues. Cleanliness of farm quality of farm flooring and walls are excessively the consideration factors based on the schemes ensures food safety.Highlight aspects of the health plan particularly associated with food safetyFood safety is also ensured via some parts of the herd health plan by preventing disease occurrence and spread via vaccination and treatment. Salmonella and E. coli, have caused incidences of food poisoning and infected humans from food animals. Thus, increasing control on farm there is a reduced risk of contamination of farm products. Moreover, isolation facility to reduce spread of potentially zoonotic infected diseases. Bio-security reduces the likely introduction of potentially zoonotic infectious diseases. Named antibiotics for use in common conditions and, therefore, increa ses discussion with vet of use of antibiotics in food production.DHHPs also help assess risks for both zoonotic and non-infectious diseases, as every herd at a farm has a chance of obtaining a disease. This helps VPH issues as it gives farmers and veterinarians. Furthermore, this also ensures that when the cattle reach abattoirs and food industries, the chances of them being infected with zoonotic agents is lowered.Highlight some limitations of the schemeThe scheme require close cooperation betwixt farmers, government, industry and other relevant sectors, in order to find a solution which eject minimize the negative public health impact whilst ensuring safe and effective food-producing animals.-Difficulty in certifying compliance beyond the annual surveillance-Reluctance in farmers and vets to engage the program with genuine intentions beyond a bureaucratic paper exercise The relationship between credibility of quality signals and reductions in consumer quality discovery costs st ill needs to be considered terminal paragraph and personal opinion on the role of the scheme and the herd health planFarm assurance and herd health plan are the most effective measures for supervision to provide safe agricultural production to public and simultaneously the limitations are the goals that the farm assurance scheme needs to improve and achieve. Because they reduce the incidence and impact of food-borne diseases by ensuring that food reaching the consumers is safe, health, of food quality while ensuring protection of animal welfare. Therefore, they can boost consumer confidence on the farmers and food products and adherence to the scheme should be strictly enforced.ReferencesAssured Food Standards, (2015)About us Assured Food Standards onlineAvailable at http//www.redtractor.org.uk/about-usAccessed 12 may 2015Anon, (2015)online Available at http//orgprints.org/13406/1/13406.pdfAccessed 12 May 2015Anon, (2015) online Available at http//www.assuredfood.co.uk/resources/0 00/965/981/DAIRY_standards_ONLINE.pdf Accessed 25 May 2015Gov.uk, (2012)Food certification and assurance schemes diminutive guidance GOV.UKonline Available at https//www.gov.uk/kitemarks-in-farmed-meat-and-produceAccessed 12 May 2015

The Purple Hibiscus Analysis

The Purple Hibiscus AnalysisPurple hibiscus is the first novel of the author Chimanda Ngozi Adichie. The novel was published in 2003, it got a lot of attention in terms of prestigious prizes. Chimanda used her deliver experiences from her childhood to f disappointment in the plot and lives of the characters. She was born in Kambilis home town Enugu, she is also a catholic. The main character is named Kambile Achike, a school girl that does exceptional in school. She lives with her p bents mama, papa and her teenage brother Jaja.The story takes place in a city in Nigeria called Enugu, the novel begins with Jaja refusing to go to church on laurel wreath Sunday. Jaja has no good excuse for missing church so papa throws his book at him. The book hits his wifes shelf containing her beloved figurines. This is the beginning of the closedown for the Achike family. Afterwards Kambili explains what happened before Palm Sunday and all the events, papas sister aunty Ifeoma is liberal and ha s been giving Jaja and Kambili rebel thoughts.Kambili does non say much and she frequently has problems speaking fluently without stuttering. Her strict father has shaped her this way by his rules and way of sustenance. Every day she is in a schedule reservation her uncapable to do much else than eat, study, sleep and pray. Kambili is a good savant and one of the best in her class. Because she does not talk much the girls in her class thinks she is a snob, she also runs straight to her dads car later class. Kambili is not a snob, but her dad is shaping her and she is unable to create her own identity. Her dad is expecting too much from Kambili and she only manages to finish second in her term. Papa tells her god expects more from her.Papa is an important man in Enugu, he owns several factories. He also publishes a newspaper called the standard. He is a rich man so he donated money to his local anaesthetic church community and his childrens school. His newspaper always tells t he truth about the countrys conditions and and so is under a lot of pressure from the state. He is also come for his generosity in his ancestral town, Abba.In the Christmas, Kambili and her family goes to Abba. Her close family makes a fiesta that feeds the whole family. Papa calls his father a heathen because he soothe holds on to the old religious traditions of his people. He does not let Jaja and Kambili get wind his father for long. His sister thinks he is treating their father wrong, but Papa refuses to fend his father unless he becomes a catholic.Aunty Ifeomas university town Nsukka is different from what Jaja and Kambili are used to. Power blackouts, rising food prices and fuel shortages are principle in Nsukka. Aunty Ifeoma teaches and encourages her children to question authority. Ifeoma wanted Jaja, Kambili and her own children to get to know each other better so she persuades Papa to stay with her for a week. They end up living there for longer than that. Just des ire her former classmates Kambili is being looked at as a snob by Amaka. Kambili stays silent in Nsukka. Kambili meets father Amadi who tells her to say what she has on her mind. Amaka and Kambili becomes friends.Papa-Nnukwu becomes ill and Ifeoma takes her in to the apartment so he can stay there. They do not tell Papa in fear that he leave have them sent back. Papa eventually finds out that Papa-Nnukwu has been staying there and he takes his kids back home he punishes them for staying with him by pouring hot pee on their feet.Papa is being pressured by the state because of his newspaper. Ade Coker gets captured by soldiers again and tortured. The standard is being raided and shut down. Ade Coker is thereafter killed by the g everywherenment. Papa beats Kambili and she ends up in the hospital. Kambili goes to Nsukku to stay with her aunt after being released from the hospital. Aunty Ifeoma gets elicitd and gos to America to teach. Papa beats mummy again and she shows up in Nnu kwu. When Mama goes home she starts poisoning Papas tea, in Easter Mama calls and tells them that Papa is dead. Kambilis big brother Jaja takes the blame and goes to jail. third years later visit Jaja in prison where he has been living under terrible conditions. Jajas lawyers are sure that they will be able to get him released. Kambili is very happy, but Jaja does not seem to believe it himself. She wants to travel and visit Aunty Ifeoma.In the end of the book Kambili says Silence hangs over us now, but it is a different kind of silence. One that lets me breathe. I have nightmares about the other kind, the silence of when Papa was alive. In my nightmares, it mixes with humble and grief and so many other things that I cannot name, and forms blue tongues of fire that rest above my head, like Pentecost, until I wake up let loose and sweating.

Analysis Of National Interest And Foreign Policy Politics Essay

Analysis Of matter Interest And overseas Policy Politics EssayAt the nucleus of some(prenominal) subject interest group lays its aegis, in order put ins to survive they must(prenominal) protect their security, by any means available to them, the treats to subject field security can be both out-of-door and internal. External treats can include any treat that comes from competing nations and enemies of the landed estate.Internal treats can come from groups with political aims of overthrowing the government, tied(p) though the aim of security in national interest doesnt perpetually mean protecting the states territorial boundaries, nor the repulsion of abroad attack. In more or less cases nation may be required to sacrifice some of its territory, or renounce some of its claims, in order to preserve another, more unalienable element of the state(Orme,5).States create scotch developments by promoting hostile investment, modernising their economy from low-income ground economy to high-income based economy, much(prenominal) as building infrastructure, investing in technology, research and development. Without social development economic development cant be fulfilled. States invest in education, access to public health, gender equalities, and polished societies.States dont make headway their national interest by becoming self-importance centred , in this solar day and age where the world is a global village states cant collapse to ignore the rest of the world, therefore states look far beyond their states and get wind other f movers that are important to their national interest, economically, socially and politically.The above mentioned characteristics identifies national interest of a state and its components, the question is how do states promote their national interest?, states promote their national interest by dint of foreign form _or_ system of government, thusly foreign polity is the sum of an actors goals and purposive actions in global politics. Foreign policy consists of those discrete official actions of the authoritative ending makers of a nations government, or their agents, which are intended by the decision makers to influence the behaviour of international actors external to their knowledge polity. In practice, foreign decisions are not do by single buy the farmers in isolation, but it is a accumulative process that involves, interest groups, domestic issues, bureaucracies, leadership, and so on. Therefore foreign policy is the means and national interest is the end.Countries moderate their foreign policy through many channels that are available to them, namely diplomacy, metier, track11 diplomacy, communication, and so on. Countries when constitution their foreign policy feature into account many factors that are important, such as, geography, the size of the population, the level of economic development, political tradition, domestic environment, internal environment, armed forces capabil ity, and national character. statesmanshipDiplomacy is the main channel through which foreign policy is conducted, diplomacy has existed throughout the history from the ancient Greeks to the African tribal systems all manipulation of goods and servicesd diplomacy to solve disputes and to defuse potential conflicts. Diplomacy involves negotiation to manage relations among states. It is perhaps the most prominent legal document in foreign policy available to actors for managing disputes. Diplomats in foreign offices and ministries often sequences argue exhausting peaceful efforts to achieve goals before resorting to war and sample to achieve compromises with adversaries to prevent conflict(Mansbach, Rafferty 363). Countries that have the means such as the fall in States appoint ambassadors virtually anywhere in the world to represent their interest, wretched countries that dont have the means rely on their UN ambassador to meet and address issues in New York with other UN amb assadors from all over the world. Over time diplomats come and go but countries fight down diplomatic missions abroad. The role of the diplomats is to task their countrys objectives given its actual and potential power to gauge other states objectives in light to their power. Diplomats must also assess the extent to which their countrys objectives are compatible with those of other countries and then decide whether to use persuasion, compromise, or treat of force to pursue their countrys end. (Mansbach, Rafferty 365).ForceIf diplomacy fails then the use of force is the conk out resort. It is the choice of last resort because of the destructive nature of wars, on human race and economies.The following are the ternion strategies for managing conflict that require the treat to use military force denial, deterrence, and compliance. Each of these involve to a different degree, exploitation force in a different way.Defence is to repel an attack, defence may be passive or active, p assive defence employs civil defences, bunkers, hardening of weapons systems, and increasing weaponry systems.While active defence involves directive military force a solvest a potential or an actual aggressor and may include missile defence, pre-emptive and preventive war. In pre-emptive contract state anticipates an imminent attack and strikes rootage to gain the upper-hand, whereas in preventive strike it anticipates an attack in the distant future, and therefore attacks the adversary before they gain the capability to strike.Deterrence is to prevent an enemy to attack in the first place. Deterrence is less expensive than defence, because it may not always lead to war, but the threat of war may influence an adversary to take a different course of action, rather than confrontation. Actors usually exercise the three Cs of deterrence, namely communication, capabilities and credibility, which means actors communicate to their adversary and inform them the mode they have chosen wil l indeed lead to conflict, and demonstrate their capabilities if they dont interpolate course, third the treats must be credible.Compliance unlike deterrence, which involves the passive use of force, compliance also called coercive diplomacy, uses limited force to make an actor alter its behaviour or undo certain thing already done. Successful compliance convinces an enemy of the following.There is urgency about complying with the beg to alter its behaviourThe coercing actor is more highly motivated than the opponent andThe consequences of staying the course will be escalation and still greater pain for the adversary.This is called bargain in simple terms, if the enemy fails to comply, the coercing actor must decide whether to clog up down or intensify the use of force.This is precisely what the United States and its consort are doing in relation to Iran, to convince the Iranian regime to chuck up the sponge their nuclear ambitions.Track II diplomacyStates use un-official cha nnels to conduct their foreign policy and further their national interest, these include cultural exchanges, concourse to people movements, conducting this type of diplomacy states show that their government is not contrasted to the others. For example some may argue that if the line that divides the Indian sub-continent was remote and the follow of people is allowed between Pakistan and India that would have reduced a wad of the tension between the two nuclear armed nations and could create an melody of understanding, co-operation, interaction and mutual respect.CommunicationCommunication is a major doer of foreign policy, it can be in the form of propaganda, or what is called external publicity, the purpose of propaganda is to inform people and governments abroad of the policies, achievements, institutions, and values of the state touch and to convert international public opinion, as far as possible, to its own point of view (Bandyopadhyay 24). For example United States use s Voice of America to mobilize their messages, in many different languages around the globe.Other components that contribute the qualification of foreign policy areGeography and Size cause foreign policy states consider their geographic locations, and also the size of their population.Level of economic development states take into account when shaping their foreign policy fit in to their economic capabilities.Political tradition how states conduct their foreign policy is driven by the political tradition of that stateDomestic environment outside(a) environmentMilitary strength military capability is the ultimate decision to go to war.National characterIn considering all these factors mentioned above. Foreign policy is the means in which national interest has to be promoted, and according to the realist, the success and failure of foreign policy must be judged, by, if the national interest of the state was promoted.Realist argue, the nature of international politics, revolves a round power, in a self help environment states seek to further their national interest by acquiring sufficient military capabilities, to deter attacks by potential enemies, any actor in international politics their aim is to demonstrate their power, or to maintain their power, or to further their power, with power actors can only maintain their position and influence by it. Thus the priority of every state is to promote national interest and for that matter to acquire power.I fit out with the realist point of view when it comes to power and prestige, Americans dominate the rest of the world not because they have the largest population in the world, but they are the strongest nation, economically, militarily, technologically and the US president is often referred to as the most powerful man in the world. American influence in the world touches every part of this globe, shaping policies, furthering their interest.

UK Social Enterprises for Sustainability

UK intimately-disposed green lights for SustainabilityAbstract affable effort is a dynamic and sustainable teleph unrivalled line try model of plectron which is able to bring fond, frugal and environmental benefits to the UK. It operates across whole fields of the rescue, suffice single(a)s in the sequestered, general and third orbits. Through out this search allow for identify the increase levels of soul of the role and harbor of aditible Enterprise, presumptuousness that a lack of understanding of the role and repute of amicable endeavors was cited as a major(ip) roadblock to the acceleration of the use of the barter model. I provide further put up that kindly go-aheads compete in the grocery store like any another(prenominal) business, and they use their business skills to obtain friendly aims. The purpose of this query willing identify the come upon barriers face by retrieveible Enterprise and look for how these barriers contrive/c ould capabilityly be overcome to pass on sustainability. in that location is in any case a need to signalize that virtually tender enterprise action at law will need an instalment of finance through public funds, varianceicularly because they be operating in atomic hail 18as of mart failure or a non- billsmaking(prenominal) market such as providing assists to vulnerable great deal, including back up employment in galore(postnominal) cases. This write up is intended to pass water an environment which will booster cable to opportunities for fond enterprise to grow success risey in the future.Chapter 1 IntroductionA sketch overview of affable enterprise is introduced in the first chapter. Then, the purpose of the study will be next discussed which will end with a specific inquiry question. In the end of this chapter the persona of this look into and limitation of the study be also presented.1.1 A Brief Overview of companionable Enterprise well-disposed enterprises argon organisations that supply goods and hammer as percentage of the genial economy welkin this group constitutes a collection of organisations that exist mingled with the traditionally private and public heavenss and has a stronger relationship with the Community and Non- returns sector. This sector has a key role to play in achieving many of its goals, including overcoming fond injustice and eliminationTodays completive business world defining genial enterprise is a repugn task, according to OECD (1999, p.10) there is no universal, commonly accepted definition of brotherly Enterprise. However, the OECD (1999, p.10) has defined hearty enterprise asany private action conducted in the public interest, organised with an entrepreneurial strategy but whose principal(prenominal) purpose is non the maximisation of profit but the accomplishment of indisputable scotch and sociable goals, and which has a capacity of bringing innovative solutions to the line o f works of affectionate exclusion and unemployment.Social enterprises ar becoming a recognised part of the topical anaesthetic and national economy in the UK, and the organisations operating in this sector be aware that becoming sustainable businesses is the path to independence two financially and in mission. However, affectionate enterprises, in common with many fine businesses, find increment difficult, and this could impact negatively on their sustainability. These should be swaned and promote to grow both as a sector and as individual organizations so as to become more(prenominal) sustainable organizations.1.2 occasion of the theater of operationsMy paper has been weared to explore how the term mixer enterprise has acquired meaning in England and to illustrate how practitioners, policymakers and academics make up ones mind each other in the engenderment of unseasoned sustainable ideas, effrontery that a lack of understanding of the role and signifi dis regardce of accessible enterprises was cited as a major barrier to the acceleration of the use of this business model.These challenges come in many forms. more or less are the same as those affecting any other business including access to business defy and finance, a lack of inexpensive premise and finding skilled staff. However, social enterprises also face one wide barrier that seriously affects their ability to assume a position indoors the market. That barrier is a lack of understanding of how social enterprises work and of their emf value. This lack of understanding exists across the public, private and instinctive and society sectors. The cloudiness and conflict around what the model could or should be for results all besides practically in misrepresentation and exaggeration of its potential, fragmentation in the cookery of support and real and perceived barriers to accessing contracts and mainstream support opportunities.So my dissertation will identify the key barriers faced by Social Enterprise and explore how these barriers assume/could potentially be overcome in order to achieve sustainability. It examines critical incidents that have shaped the meaning of social enterprise in England and reflects on these incidents to draw conclusions about the future sustainable development of social enterprise practice. Through out this paper I will also examine the potential conditions for the growth of social enterprise through a set of outline scenarios. The aim is to inform both policy-making and the wider reason about social enterprise what its potential might be and how that potential preserve be realised in different background knowledges. So my research question isTo explore how the social enterprise is potential for sustainability in the UK.1.3 Limitations of the StudyDuring conducting the research I came across certain limitations and among them thefore to the highest degree one is quantify constrain. The interviewed person could not provide all necessaryinformation receivable to lack of time. The research timeline also reveals that time constrain was actually a barrier as there was plenty to find about this research topic. A grand portion of the piece is based on prime data collected through interviews which is very lengthy process.The key superlative here is that social enterprise undersurfacenot be identified solely by legal form or pre-set categories. Social enterprises merchant ship often construe themselves as belonging to more than one category, leading to problems of double counting. For example, a social enterprise may be a charity registered with the Charities mission or an exempt charity which is also an Industrial and Provident Society. There is also much variation in the categories which have been use in studies to date, making aggregation and comparison very difficult.1.4 Structure of the ReportThis research is divided into five chapters the first chapter is an introduction with purpose a nd limitation of the study. In the second chapter, literature based survey of definitions of social enterprise, root of social enterprise, discussion relevant to the sustainability of social enterprise, the nature of their contribution and their sponsors and sources of funding. The third summarises the emphasise information of social enterprise in the UK and the fourth and fifth chapter chequer the methodology and the summary of the main findings of the study with implications for policy.Chapter 2 Literature reappraisalThis chapter will give an overview of literature and models that are related to the research problem presented in the previous chapter. This chapter will introduce the roots and conceptions of social enterprise in order to give a clear idea about the research area.2.1 Roots of social enterpriseScott specified (Market, Schmarket create the Post-Capitalist Society,2006, p50) The roots of social enterprises and biotic fellowship enterprise overall can be appoin t in the mutual, self help and co-operative sector which goes back, in the UK, at least to the Fenwick Weavers in Ayrshire 1769 and Dr William King of Brighton in the 1820s (Trimingham, 2007), with earlier antecedents. Within the development of this proceeding there has al representations been an important strand which has focused on the local community-based nature of these organisations and also on the economic development of poorer communities including the need to assert paid work. For example between the two world wars, local community activists such as Harry Cowley campaigned for housing and work for returning service people and support for small local businesses. He organised bourne to demand public works job creation programmes from the local council for unemployed people with some success.2.3 General news on Social EnterpriseSocial Enterprises combine the need to be productive businesses with social aims. This is a competitive business, owned and trading for a social purpose. They seek to keep abreast as businesses by establishing a market share and making a profit and emphasise the long-term benefits for employees, consumers and the community.Bob Doherty and derriere Thompson mentioned in the journal The diverse world of social enterprise stories (p.362) that social enterprises are organizations which are seeking business solutions to social crisis. These are needed to be identify from other socially-oriented organizations. These also need to take initiatives that can promote to communities but which are not wanting or seeking to be businesses. In this esteem these latter organizations remain dependent on endowments and donations earlier than realise up true paying customers.According to DTI encompass A gain Report on Social Enterprise A strategy for achiever (2003, p.6), social enterprise is such a business which reinvests its surpluses in the business or in the community rather than increases profit for shareholders or owners. dig Dr ucker argues that social entrepreneurs change the performance capacity ofsociety (Gendron, 1996, p. 37) while Henton et al. (1997 p.1) deal of civic entrepreneurs as a new generation of leaders who smithy new, powerfully productive linkages at the intersection of business, government, education and community .Ali B. Somers (Shaping the equilibrize scorecard for use in UK social enterprises, p.46) stated Social enterprise emphasise creating social and/or environmental value at all stages of their production process, as an intrinsic part of their identity. manikin1 describes the production process of social enterprise.InputsProduction ProcessOutputs Goods and Services drudge Employee/ ClientRaw Materials from Environmental SourcesCan Include Democratic governing or training for employee/ client BaseGoods and run sold to market Economic clear, Social remuneration and Environmental ProfitEconomic Profit flows back to Social Enterprise and Ethical InvestorsSocial and Environmental profit flow to CommunityIndicates environmental and social motives affect production digiture 1 Production of Social EnterpriseSource Somers, A.B., 2005. Shaping the equilibrise scorecard for use in UK social enterprises. Social Enterprise Journal, 1(1), p.462.4 Discussion Relevant to the Sustainability of Social EnterpriseThere has been an unprecedented wave of growth in Social Entrepreneurship worldwidely over the last ten age (Bornstein 2004, pp.3-6). For Example, as part of the 2004 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) answer for a slew was conducted of social entrepreneurship activity in the UK these data suggested that new social start-ups are emerging at a faster ate than more conventional, commercial ventures (Harding and Cowling, 2004, p.5)There are ternion sides to sustainability in business activity environment, economy and community. When aiming for sustainable practice all three factors essential(prenominal)iness be given equal consideration from a local thro ugh to a global level.Environment Ensuring that business engages in the proper and cautionful use of mortal resources and the management of waste so as to minimize the negative and maximize the positive impact of human activity.Economy Ensuring that business is financially viable, engages in good employment practice and is of benefit to the economy as a whole.Community Ensuring that business is overall of benefit to communities, their culture heritage and does not endanger them.Figure2 Sustainable Social EnterpriseSchulyer (1998 p.3) describes social entrepreneurs as individuals who have a vision for social change and who have the financial resources to support their ideas.who exhibit all the skills of successful business people as well as a powerful desire for social changegreater flexibility in the use of public resources to respond to innovative community proposals, and venture investments from foundations and the private sector could be used to stimulate existence in area s thought to be too risky for government as the sole investor. As Catford (1998, p. 96) argues that social entrepreneurswill only flourish if they are back up by the right environment, which will be created largely by governments in concert with the private sector.Social Enterprise seeks surplus generation in order to achieve financial sustainability. The need to financial sustainability is fundamental to social enterprises. Emphasizing financial sustainability in addition to profit distribution becomes a way to discover for all activities the organization engages in, including advocacy and in support of bono work. Sacrificing one cause and effect chain for another can have significant implications for both the quality of work and social enterprises financial sustainability.Profit Distribution(Increase Income)Increase RevenueUse Resource Efficiently employment RevenueNon Trading RevenueManage CostTrack advocacy financial Promote Sustainability of organizationSocial Increase value to buttocks communityWhilst many may rely on combination of founder and trading income, ultimately, if an organisation is not financially sustainable, it cannot deliver its social and environmental impact. Fig3. shows how the profit of social organisation is distributed to the organization itself and community.Figure 3 Financial SustainabilitySource Somers, A.B., 2005. Shaping the balanced scorecard for use in UK social enterprises. Social Enterprise Journal, 1(1), p.502.5 Policy Reform and Good GovernanceDTI report A Progress Report onSocial Enterprise A Strategy for success (2003, p.6) describes the three key goals for government as creating an change environment, making social enterprises better businesses and establishing the value of social enterprise.The danger in not livelihood social entrepreneurship is obvious to Reis (1999 p. 4) who calls for systematic intervention to accelerate and improve good-hearted efforts. Without this he argues that substantial numbers of po tential donors and social entrepreneurs could be discouraged, turned-off, and bemused from philanthropy and social change work.So, in recent years, the boundaries between the private sectors (in term of market thinking and managerial practices) have impact the public and voluntary sectors and started to blur traditional distinctions between them (Bull, 2006, 2007). The emergence of stand business alternatives with a strong social orientation, democratic organisation, and positive perspective to profitable trading has led to formal recognition and academic testing (Seanor, Bull and Ridley-Duff, 2007).Brown, H and Murphy, E (2003 p.57) mentioned on Bank of England report that Social enterprises, like all businesses, need access to a lay of financial products appropriate to their activity and stage of developmentAn HM Treasury report on Enterpriseand Social Exclusion (1999, p 108) came to theconclusion, arguing that social enterprise was less understood and rarely promoted in a consistent way by the alert infrastructure for business support.Thompson et al. (2000 p. 328) describe people who realize where there is an opportunity to satisfy some unmet need that the state offbeat system will not or cannot meet, and who gather together the necessary resources (generally people, often volunteers, money and premises) and use these to make a contrariety.It is more useful to consider and develop social enterprise capabilities rather than skills and capacity building. The fact that social enterprises need to combine commercial objectives with social mission as well as internal governance, substance that a capabilities approach is more comprehensive. This is a useful way of recognising factors additional to individual skills that inter-play to determine the persuasiveness and impact of a specific enterprise. It also moves aside from particular considerations of a key person or group at bottom the organisation, and their specific skills, towards a more holis tic view of what the organisation is clear of doing, irrespective of the location of particular skills.Laville and Nyssens (2001 p 325) argue that while the origins of social enterprises are based in reciprocity and thus form part of the third system, their strength is based in their ability to tap into all three economic principles and systems. They are different from private enterprise in that their goal is not the maximization of profit to benefit owners, although they do develop market activities and generate profits. They are also different from the public sector in that they are independent from direct control by public authorities. But they benefit to a greater or lesser close from public subsidy. Thus they mobilize market relations to sell services or goods, and can use redistributive relations by utilizing government funding to finance their services. Their long-term sustainability depends on their ability to continuously hybridise the three poles of the economy so as to serve the project. Their complementary use of monetary and non-monetary relations guarantees autonomy of service based on their connections within communities and economic viability. This view of social enterprises claims an insight into their complexity in terms of the roles they must juggle and of the many forms from cooperatives, community enterprises, social firms, fair-trade companies and more that they take.Dees (1998 p.4) identifies five criteria that social entrepreneurs possess adopting a mission to create and sustain social value recognizing and relentlessly pursuing new opportunities to serve that mission engaging in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation and learning acting boldly without existence limited by resources currently in hand and exhibiting a heightened sense of accountability to the constituencies served and to the outcomes created.Catford (1998, p.97) who articulates the issues and one possible solution most eloquently Traditional welfare-state approaches are in decline globally, and in response new ways of creating red-blooded and sustainable communities are required. This challenges our social, economic and political systems to respond with new, creative and effective environments that support and reward change. From the register available, current examples of social entrepreneurship offer exciting new ways of realizing the potential of individuals and communitiesinto the 21st vitamin C.The Progress Report on Social Enterprise A Strategy for Success(2003, p.68) concludes that there is little hard evidence to demonstrate the impact and added value of social enterprise. The report points out that one of the reasons for the lack of statistical evidence is that social enterprises create a range of social and environmental impacts, beyond their financial return (the double or the triple bottom line) that are hard to measure (even by the social enterprises themselves). Limited information on their social and environmental, as well as financial, impact also means that policy makers, business support providers and finance providers find it difficult to appreciate the value of targeting social enterprises or of including them in their activities.2.6 Concluding RemarksAcademic write about modern social entrepreneurship skills is relatively limited, compared to mainstream business or charities. The concept of social enterprise has been rapidly emerging in the private, public and non-profit sectors over the last few years. Currently, the non-profit sector is facing increasing demands for improved effectiveness and sustainability in light of diminishing funding from traditional sources and increased emulation for these scarce resources. At the same time, the increasing concentration of wealth in the private sector is promoting calls for increased corporate social responsibility and more proactive responses to complex social problems, while governments at all levels are struggling with multiple demands on public funds.Chapter 3 Background info of Social EnterpriseThis chapter will give the idea about the social enterprise types and size in the UK along with the impact, barriers and sources of fund in this organizations.Social Enterprise in the UKThe UK government has been at the front position of enabling and encouraging the increase of social enterprises as part of both welfare services delivery and community regeneration at the policy level. The impacts and influence of public, private, and citizen are empirically proven and exhibit that these conventional sectors of society are playing a part in re-evaluating the value creation opportunities offered by market (or quasi-market) mechanisms.Brief overview of typesAccording to the UK policy-making community, social enterprises play a springy role in the creation of economic and social value.It has been claimed that, there were some 15,000 social enterprises in the UK SBS(2005, pp.1-2), accounting for around 1.2% of all employing en terprises in the UK. These social enterprises generate around 18 billion in annual overturn and employ over 775,000 people (475,000 paid employees and 300,000 volunteer staff).Governments Survey and existing data for the social enterprise sector estimated that there are at least 55,000 social enterprises in the UK, with a combined turnover of 27billion per year which is raised to over 800 million from the preceding year. This corresponds to 2% of the UKs GDP . The number of registered charities rose from around 120,000 in 1995 to more than 164,000 in 2005, and there are also hundreds of thousands of small community groups.According to Government estimates, social enterprises account for 5% of all businesses with employees and contribute approximately 8.4billion to GDP (HM Treasury and console Office, 2006, p.29), around 0.7% of the total economy.The data obtained from the cabinet office website in social sector showed that in the year 2003/04, 56% of third sector organisations de scribe an increase in activity in the previous year, and 67% of them pass judgment activity to grow in the next three years.Positive aspects of social enterpriseSocial enterprise is a varied activity and can include a range of organisations working on different scales and at different levels of trading. Some work at community level, while others work nationally. They can work in public services or commercial markets. They often work in the most disadvantaged areas and work with the most disadvantaged groups. Some organisations work only as a social enterprise while in other organisations social enterprise is often a part of their activity. This most commonly applies in a voluntary organisation or a housing association.According to Bob Doherty and John Thompson (The diverse world of social enterprise stories, p.362) the common characteristics for a Social Enterprise areThey have a social rationale and yields and surpluses are not shared out to shareholders.Reinvested profit can be u sed to provide training and development opportunities for staff.They use assets and capital to generate community benefit.They pursue this with (at least in part) trade in a market place.Members or employees can also take part in termination making.The enterprise is responsible to both its members and a wider society.Citizenship participation and volunteering are encouraged within the local communityThe social enterprise model could create new forms of entrepreneurship and employment within a communityThe model is ideally placed to meet new needs within a community, if back up sufficiently at start upSocial Enterprises can offer goods and services to poor and disenfranchised communitiesThe potential of a profits and tax stream could liberate organisations from the tyranny of fundraising and grant applicationsOrganisations could flourish effectively and creatively under this modelThere is either a double or triple-bottom line concept. The assumption is that the most effective soc ial enterprises exhibit healthy financial and social returns rather than high profits in one and lower profits in the other.Social enterprise makes an important contribution to the social, economic and environmental development of Scotland. This can be summarised as follows.Fig 4 Beneficiaries of Social EnterpriseSourceSocial enterprise is passing varied but, importantly, it works in a number of key antecedence areas for the UK economy- these includeemployment and trainingchildcarehealthadult care servicesrecyclingrenewable energytransportfinancial inclusion bodycommunity regeneration andrural development.In particular, social enterprise contributes to renew our most deprived communities in both urban and rural areas. It often works with the people who have least opportunity in our society, including those outside(a) the labour market, and so it has a major role to play in developing employability and supported employment and ensuring equal opportunities to those people.Social enterprise can add value to many of its activities by focusing on social, economic and environmental benefits, importantly linking these aims in a positive way, which in other business models may sometimes cause conflict.Social enterprise can offer goods and services to its customers in a flexible and innovative way. It can focus on their needs to deliver better public services. a good deal this is in areas where the market has failed areas where the private sector does not want to go.Social enterprise can make sure resources give value for money where a public-sector contract is needed for the activity. This includes working with very marginalised groups, where the enterprise activity helps reduce the amount of public funding needed. Through encouraging social entrepreneurship in communities, levels of public subsidy and grant dependency can be reduced.Barriers of social enterpriseoften have boards of directors or trustees who come from a voluntary sector rather than a business b ackground. This can lead to a lack of business focus and prevent social enterprise from truly reaching their potential (DTI 2002, p.62)Several challenges remain before the full potential of the third sector can be realised. First, the Government must carry through its commitment to provide a constructive confederation with the sector and resist the temptation to treat it as one of the instruments for the marketisation of the well-being State. Amicus, a trade union with workers in the public, private and third sectors, is touch on that an expansion of the third sector will be a stepping gemstone to the privitisation of the public sector (Maskell quoted in Little, 2007, p.31). Second, the majority of third sector organisations are small and under-capitalised and they are constrained in the growth aspirations by limited access to capital (Bank of England, 2003 SQW, 2007).Insufficient capital can lead to either under-investment, or a re-orientation towards market objectives in order to obtain finance, and the event re-prioritisation of economic over social and environmental outcomes. To enable third sector organisations to maintain the balance between economic, social and environmental outcomes, the Government must ensure that a pragmatic and realistic assessment of the financial cost of service delivery is incorporated into their policies and strategies (HM Treasury, 2006).Third, a curse of successful activities in the third sector is that they themselves are prone to being privatised and consequently turned into capitalist ventures that adopt orthodox business practices, as has been the case with the demutualisation of the Building Society movement in the UK.According to UK Government and various literatures review shows that there are mainly four significant barriers to accessing appropriate business support and finance for social enterprises throughout the region.1. Cultural barriers between those setting up social enterprises and mainstream business advi sors. 2. Lack of clarity about where to access business support at the local level, largely due to the huge diversity of routes into starting up social enterprises.3. Limited numbers of true technical specialisers in key business advice areas where social enterprises require specialist support, for example on legal structure, potential investors or taxation.4. Limited sources of affordable equity and loan finance of all sizes.All of these barriers inhibit the use of available business support by social enterprise. Many of the issues are cultural, but there are also skills issues, with mainstream business advice agencies not being adequately equipped to address more technical aspects of social enterprise business development. Specialists do exist within the region but many of them are funded through short-term grant finance. This enables the free provision of services but a lack of long-term sustainability for the advice services themselves.To grow and develop social enterprise in U K, we must tackle a range of challenges and issues which have been highlighted by the research and consultation carried out to develop this strategy. Tackling these challenges, which are summarised into five key areas in this chapter, will be a major part of this strategyUse of the social enterprise business model. wrinkle opportunities.finance and investment.Business support for social enterprise.Raising the profile and demonstrating value.Sources of FinanceThe key factor in an enterprises development is access to appropriate sources of finance. Social enterprises are more likely than SMEs to have been spurned for finance, although the majority of those rejected by one lender appear subsequently to be successful with another. In addition, a large minority of social enterprises perceive access to external finance as a major barrier to expansion, including some of those that have successfully accessed finance in the past. While there is no one, clear reason to account for the higher rejection rates among social enterprises than SMEs, this report explores possible contributory factors, which

Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention

Factors influencing entrepreneurial placePurpose- the aim of goods and services of this query is to investigate what the causes influenced among students in Universiti Teknologi Mara in Shah Alam branch in entrepreneurial c one timeption and to make an evaluation for their entrepreneurship orientation by give way them with non-entrepreneuri altogethery inclined students. tendency/methodology/approach-Findings- the result of this test showed that look limitations/implications- the culture comprises respondent 300 of students at alone course fields in Universiti Teknologi Mara in Shah Alam branch and the percentage of students in the standard who deprivation to be entrepreneurs isPractical implications This c alone provides insight into entrepreneurship rearing, as to which entrepreneurial characteristics arouse be developed to raise good entrepreneurs.Originality/value This interpret contributes to apprehensiveness the differences amongst characteristics of entrep reneuri each(prenominal)y inclined and non-inclined students at the edge of graduation.Nowadays entrepreneurship has captured their attention among tidy sum especially teenagers in all over the world. The main land of this lodge in is the growing need for entrepreneurs who accelerate economic development through generating sassy ideas and converting them into coin-making ventures. However, it has a much critical role for economies of developing countries since entrepreneurship is lend upn as an locomotive engine of economic progress, job creation and social adjustment. Thus, small seam egress or new seam formation is widely encouraged by national economic policies to accept economic growth and wealth creation. In parallel with developing lodge in in entrepreneurship throughout the world, Malaysia has withal witnessed an change magnitude interest in entrepreneurship fields both(prenominal) among their academic scholars and amongst government constitution makers an d handicraft leaders. Obviously, pick outing detections of students at higher education aim is a necessity step in this process. The purpose of the flow cartoon is to analyze the entrepreneurial purpose of university students in Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam .Scope of reputationThe stretch in this study is the students in Universiti Teknologi Mara Shah Alam. It comprises all the students in all field of study. The respondent involved 300 students and this amount is using for sample survey in this study.Problem statementThe interest making money among the teenagers nowadays make intention in entrepreneurship is acquire higher. But fox a few of them perplex a desire to open the business but because of lack of entrepreneur association.Research objectiveObjective in doing this research is to identifyThe factor that influenced student in university to do the business before they done their study.The opinion from the students that already entertain their own busine ss.How they quietus their study and business at the same time.Those who pick out business experiences in their backgroundResearch questionsWhat the factors that influenced university student to do the business?Who you prefer to follow money to open the business?Signifi wadce of studyThe signifi endt of this study is to analyze the entrepreneurial intention of university students. In this study, a mildew that frequently focuses on the impacts of virtually contextual factors was proposed and empirically tested on university students. Further much, the study contributes to the literature by theorizing and empirically testing how some factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students. It is believed that the results of study may have some significant implications for the form _or_ system of government makers and educators.INTRODUCTIONEntrepreneurship has captured the attention of both scholars and policy makers duringthe last decades. The main causa of this conc ern is the growing need for entrepreneurs who accelerate economic development through generating new ideas and converting them into profitable ventures. Entrepreneurial activities are non only the incubators of expert innovation they provide employment opportunity and increase competitiveness too (Reynolds, 1987 Zahra, 1999). Some scholars primarily focus on the effect of constitution characteristics on decision making process (Bonnett and Furnham, 1991 Brockhaus, 1980 Johnson,1990). Although the results vary across the studies, they often specify a tie in amongst entrepreneurial intention and some nature factors, much(prenominal) as self-confidence, risk-taking ability, need to achievement, and locus of control. However, a person is encircled by an extended range of heathenish, social, economical, political, demographical, and technological factors. Therefore, personality traits cannot be single out from these contextual factors. In the literature, on that point are some studies that take into bank note the role of these factors also. For instance, according to Hisrich (1990), people can be pushed or pulled by the situational factors, which are related with their personal backgrounds and present lives. From a broader point of view, the cultural and institutional frameworks also affect entrepreneurship (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999). The review of literature on entrepreneurship shows that well-nigh of the scholars have focused on adult entrepreneurs. In these studies, adult entrepreneurs were examined aft(prenominal) choosing their entrepreneurial line of achievements. Since people are promising to start a business within the age range of 25 to 44 (Liles, 1974), it is also critical to focus on people who are immatureer than 25 and understand which factors affect their intentions to start-up abusiness in the future. As Henderson and Robertson (2000) also express . . . the future working environment will depend on the creativity and individ uality of the young. However, indeed relatively little is copen close young adult views on entrepreneurship (p.279). The purpose of the current study is to analyse the entrepreneurial intention of university students. In the study, a model that mainly focuses on the impacts of some contextual factors was proposed and empirically tested on university students. Therefore, the study contributes to the literature by theorizing and empirically testing how some factors affect entrepreneurial intention of university students. It is believed that the results of study may have some significant implications for the policy makers and educators.VARIABLESDependent varying Entrepreneur intentions among students.In subject variants Educational subscribe to, morphologic behave and relative condescendEducational supportThe starting time dimension of model is educational support. It is evident that professional education in universities is an efficient way of obtaining necessary knowledge about entrepreneurship. Although, in their study, Wang and Wong (2004, p. 170) mainly focused on personality characteristics of students, they also pointed out the fact that the entrepreneurial dreams of many students are hindered by myopic preparation . . .their business knowledge is insufficient, and more all-important(prenominal)ly, they are not inclined(p) to take risk to realize their dreams.. In the literature, some studies analyse how these entrepreneurial interests of universities affect entrepreneurial inclination of students. The study of Gorman and Hanlon (1997) showed that entrepreneurial attributes can be positively influenced by educational programmes. It is clear that an effective education on entrepreneurship can be a factor to push people towards an entrepreneurial career (Henderson and Robertson, 2000). geomorphologic supportThe second base factor in the model is structural support which are we are social, cultural, economical, political and technological facto rs. The current context of entrepreneurship is mainly shaped by economical and political mechanisms, which are governed by the actors in the public, private, and non-governmental sectors. In such a system, there can be some opportunities or threats for entrepreneurs. For instance, if there are some barriers to admission into the market, people big businessmaniness show a lower tendency for entrepreneurship. However, if they convey the granted conditions adequate and favourable, it might be expected that they are more likely to start a business.Relational supportThe study of Henderson and Robertson (2000) showed that family was the second factor influencing career choice of respondents after their personal experience. Therefore, the support of family and friends is likely to affect ones career selection. In the current study, this relational support mainly denominates the sentimental and monetary supports of family and friends. If someone knows that there will be such example of support when s/he starts a business, she or he might be encouraged to choose an entrepreneurial career.Moderating variableSelf ConfidenceThe model also considers the impact of one personality trait, self-confidence, as moderator variable. However, the level of self-confidence that is generally defined as accept in oneselfmay influence ones perception as well. Self-confidence is widely received as avaluable individual asset and a key to personal success. In their study, Benabou and Tirole(2002) explained why an optimistic self-view is seen as a good thing. match to them, self-confidence is valuable because it makes people happier, it makes it easier to convince separates (rightly or wrongly) and improves the individuals motivation to sign on projects and persevere in the pursuit of his goals (p.877). Based on this conceptualization, it might be expected that more self-confident people may perceive their environment more favourably than others and have more optimistic perspec tive about their future. Therefore, if a person has a high level of self-confidence, the strength of the proposed link between educational support, structural support, relational support and entrepreneurial intention may also increase.THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKSelf-ConfidenceEntrepreneur InterestStructural SupportRelational SupportEducational SupportINDEPENDENT VARIABLES discuss DEPENDENT VARIABLEVARIABLETABLE 1.1 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKRELATIONSHIPtheory 1 Entrepreneurial intention of university students positively relates with comprehend educational support. opening 2 Entrepreneurial intention relates with perceived structural support.Hypothesis 3 The entrepreneurial intention positively relates to perceived relational support.Moderating scheme 1) The strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and perceived educational support is affected by the level of self-confidence.2)The strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and perceived structural su pport is affected by the level of self-confidence.3) The strength of the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and perceived relational support is affected by the level of self-confidence.3.1 Research Design3.1.1 Purpose of studyFostering entrepreneurship needs a 2fold policy that should focus on both the currentsituation and future persuasion of entrepreneurship. Although many scholars and policy makers devote their attention to the first foci of issue, it is equally important to map out the future context of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to take up this void by analyzing the impacts of some contextual factors on entrepreneurial intention of university students.3.1.2 Type of investigationThe type if investigation for this research is correlation study. This is because the researchers call for to identify the important of the factors or variables associated with the problem. It is to determine whether relational support, structured support and education al support and the intention to become an entrepreneur among student is correlated. The researchers also postulate to know what are the significant amount of the independent variables in the intention to become an entrepreneur among student. If they are significant between these two variables, which among these three variables examined is the one that has the greatest association with it, which is the next and which is the third? It is to see if there is any relationship exist among the variables investigated. The answer to this correlational study will help to determine the extent of the intention to become an entrepreneur or to start a business among UiTM students are influenced by the relational support, structured support and educational support.3.1.3 Extend of researcher interference with the study.We have study the intention among students towards entrepreneur. In other words, we want to do a correlational study. Here, we will collect info among UiTM students to indicate how much factors of relational, educational and structural influence them to have intention to be an entrepreneur or start the business. By correlating three variables the answer being sought can be found. In this case, beyond administering a questionnaire to the student, we have not interfered with the students normal activities. In other words, our interference has been at minimal because the variables are beyond our control. It is depends on each of respondents background.3.1.4 Study settingThe study setting of our research is field study. We want to analyze the relationship between the relational, structural and educational support with the intention to become an entrepreneur. We try to correlate between dependent and independent variables by looking at whether the respondents have high level of education, received full support from family members and also the economic situation as the intention to be an entrepreneur increase. Therefore this is a field study. Research here is done in a non contrived setting with no interference with the five independent variables.3.1.5 Unit of summaryIn this study, we want to know factors that influence intention among customers of Bank Islam. For this purpose, data will have to be equanimous from the sample which is 150 students and the units of analysis are individual.3.1.6 sequence frameThe time frame for our research is one-shot or cross-sectional studies. attend was collected from to students between September and October to study the factors that influence intention among UiTM students to record in entrepreneurship. This is because we only need to gather our data just once that is over a period of weeks, in order to answer the research question. Data with respect to this research had not been collected before, nor will they be collected again for this research.3.2 Sampling design/caseIn our research, the taste design that be used is non probability consume which is convenience sampling. whatchamacallum samplin g refers to the collection of culture from members of the population who are conveniently obtainable to provide it. We used these types of sampling design because it is the best way of getting basic schooling quickly and efficiently and it is also less expensive. In addition, these types of sampling are the most easily accessible to our respondents as subject. These types of sampling are most often used during the exploratory phase of a research project. We do not have the knowledge or influence chance of respondents being selected as subject. In thousands of UiTM students, we do not know who the 300 respondents are.3.3 Data Collection Method3.2.1 primary election dataPrimary data refer to information obtained first-hand by the researcher on the variables of interest for the specific purpose of the study. In this research the sources from our primary data is our respondents where we obtained the data through the administered questionnaire.3.2.2 Secondary DataSecondary data refe r to information gathered from sources that already exist. Our secondary source of data is through the analysis of industry offered by the media in the internet which is in form of journal. This information gathered by someone other than the researcher. The advantages of seeking secondary data sources is savings time and costs of acquiring the information.5.00 close and Recommendation5.1 ConclusionThe results of survey revealed that only two subsets of proposed model were significant predictors of entrepreneurial intention. The first factor is educational support that indicates mainly a supportive university environment. correspond to the results, if a university provides adequate knowledge and inspiration for entrepreneurship, the possibility of choosing an entrepreneurial career might increase among young people. It is pellucid that this result confirms the key role of education in the development of entrepreneurial intention. Therefore, in the light of the current study, it mi ght be state that entrepreneurship can be fostered as a result of a learning process. This result is not only raise from the theoretical point of view, but it is also a challenge for the educators and policy-makers. Since entrepreneurial activities are becoming vital to the economic development of a country, both of these groups might focus on the design of more effective educational policies. Although there is no consensus on the content and structure of entrepreneurship education, the findings of current study showed that universities should, at least, encourage the development of creative ideas for being an entrepreneur, provide the necessary knowledge about entrepreneurship, and develop the entrepreneurial skills. However, the strength of the link between educational support and entrepreneurial intention was not affected by the level of self-confidence. Second factor, which also emerged significant in the survey, is structural support. It is obvious that fostering entrepreneur ship requires a more comprehensive support including the collaboration of all sectors in the society. Despite its weak explanatory power, the analysis also showed that this type of structural support might affect entrepreneurial intention of university students. cardinal of the interesting results in the study is the impact of moderating variable on the proposed link between perceived structural support and entrepreneurial intention. The assumption test confirmed that self-confident respondents perceive structural support more favorable than others. In this case, the level of self- confidence might affect ones perception on external environment. Although the structural conditions are homogeneous for everyone living in the same context, the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors might vary. Therefore, the structural support for entrepreneurship is very significant to stimulate people to be an entrepreneur. Another interesting result of survey appears when comparison the explanator y powers of educational and structural supports the former has slightly higher genus Beta coefficient than the latter. In this case, educational support was perceived more important than structural support. The possible reason for this result might be the timing differences between these two support factors. It is clear that the main focus of structural support is existing entrepreneurs in the economy. Although students are currently aware of this support, they might think that this type of large scale supports will affect them in the future. On the other hand, educational support might be perceived as an immediate factor. Therefore, it is logical that the impact of educational support was higher than structural support.5.2 Limitation of studyThe current study is subject to some limitations. Firstly, similar to the previous studies in the literature, the study focuses on the intentionality. It is clear that intentions may not turn into actual behaviors in the future. Therefore, even if one respondent stated a high entrepreneurial intention in the survey, s/he might choose a completely different career way in the future. In fact, it has been a common problem for almost all study in the literature and currently there is no other accurate way to measure the tendency for entrepreneurship. Therefore, the statements of respondents about their entrepreneurial intention were taken as a reliable source of information. However, it might be more useful to measure this variable through multiple items in order to reduce measurement error in the further studies.Since the collected data was based on the perceptions of the students, a second limitation might appear on a possible difference between perceptions and reality.Obviously, there is always a risk that the perceptions of students on outside world might be different than the reality. The studies that aim to show such realities may indicate that, for instance, the universities are successful to stimulate entrepreneurshi p or financial system are supporting entrepreneurs sufficiently etc. These types of studies are highly valuable to take a picture of entrepreneurial environment. However, it is equally important to analyse how these given conditions are perceived by entrepreneurs or potential entrepreneurs even if they have limited knowledge of outside world. The current study aims to understand the perceptions of students on the context.Another limitation is that some factors in the model were broadly defined and so broadly metric in the survey. For instance, educational support factor were measured through three broad statements, which assess the education support for bear on creative ideas, providing knowledge about entrepreneurship, and developing entrepreneurial skills and abilities. The main reason of such broadness is to increase the generalizability of the model and make it available for the use of new studies in different contexts. When considering the variety of entrepreneurship educati on in all around the world, it might be more reasonable to analyse the general nature of entrepreneurship education, rather than focusing on a specific context. As it is mentioned previously, there is a great variety among universities on the entrepreneurial education even in the same country (Gu rol and Atsan, 2006, p. 27).

British Imperial Regulations D :: essays research papers

British imperial regulations with the American colonies were closely tied in with the musical arrangement of mercantilism. Mercantilism controls the relations between the leading power and the colonies downstairs its empire. A nation would want to export more than it imports gaining more money to obtain economic stability. The colonies exist for the profit of the m other(a) country. Trade was a vital part of the economy of both England and the British colonies. The colonies would provide a majority of raw materials that would be shipped to England where then they would process raw materials into goods and contend them at markets provided by the colonies. Within this system both England and the colonies depended on separately other for handicraft. To further enforce this system on their oversees empire England enacted the sailing Laws. In 1650 the first of these laws was aimed at keeping trade between the colonies check only to their mother country, England. The law restricte d trade of such shippers as the Dutch, by stating all goods must be transported on English vessels to or from the colonies. This helped keep money within British control, but also increase both England&8217s and the colonies&8217 merchant marine. Further laws were passed, but none that obligate strict regulations on the colonies. In fact the colonies received advantages from the mercantile system of England. As colonies of England they had the rights of Englishmen. They also had whatsoever opportunities of self-government. As compared economically to the fair(a) Englishmen of the time, the average American colonist was more often better off. In some markets, such as tobacco, the colonies had great advantages. Although not allowed to trade tobacco with some(prenominal) other country they were guaranteed a monopoly on the English market. One of the major advantages of British imperialism was the protection supplied by the British army. With the strong soldiers providing defense ag ainst natives and other inter colonial disputes and the mighty British navy protecting their commerce on the seas the colonies benefited from great advantages provided by their oversees &8220rulers.Although the colonists prospered from the British imperialism, they also however, dealt with many disadvantages from the British. In 1733 the British Parliament, feeling tension from the planters in the British West Indies, enacted the Molasses Act. The planters were competing against the cut West Indies for trade with the North American colonies and considering the colonies were a part of the British empire, as were the British West Indies, the colonies trade was restricted from trading with the French West Indies.

Fascism: Abuse of Privilege and Power :: essays research papers fc

Fascism Abuse of Privilege and indicatorI.intro - The holler and corruption of origin.A. context-Abuse of place1.within nightclub on that point is always elected officials throughout history, this is a constant within the valet and animal world. 2.This major power can be contumelyd. B.Focus-Some elected officials can abuse this powerIn the George Orwell have got Animal Farm, corruption of leadinghip is shown when the copper color Napoleon turns his role as resurrect leader into dictator.C.A crave for power and money leads to corruption and the abuse of power II.Body-Examples of power abuse within our societyA. nonfiction-The Jonestown massacre1.Corrupt leaders in society can brainwash their followersa)Mass suicide(1)The Jonestown massacre that took regulate in Guyana(2)it was evident that the people were brainwashed(3)The constant re-occurrence of elected officials2.What causes us to pass off our responsibilities to others?I)The lack of want for responsibilitys)Religio us and semipolitical leadersc)Maybe they argon more qualified?t)Is it just our suspension for electing bad leaders?3.its nobodys fault that these leaders have become corrupt. i)Corruption is usually a product of voracity.s)high-up officials take their power and abuse it because of their greed and disregard for others.c)This is shown in almost every case of this by t)These cases are shown and shape our historyB.fablei)A true example of fascism and power abuse is shown in the book Animal Farms) In Animal Farm Napoleon abuses his power as leader and corrupts his fellow pigsc) This leads to a downfall in the farmt)This relates to modern day dictatorshipsC.Contemporary i)In Iraq, Saddam Hussein mistreat his power and ruined his country for his citizens.s) This required a call to motion by the world to remove him and his regime.c) This led to the downfall of the Iraqi area because of his fierce totalitarianismt)This is the proof that there is a trouble of power abuse in the worldI II.ConclusionA.There is a problem with some highly trusted, elected officials in our societyB.Summary of shew1.nonfiction- There is people/leaders in this world with enough greed and self-absorption that will ruin things for everyone as long as it makes their own lifetime better.a)RE- The fascist dictatorships caused by a thirst for power and money are what have caused many downfalls in civilization. b)RC- These cases are perfect examples of what the abuse of power and greed can do. 1.literary- The abuse shown in Animal Farma)RE- snowball gains trust among the fellow farm animals and then turns on them with his lust for power.b)RC- This in turn ruins things for his fellow farm animals.

Filing For A Quick Divorce :: essays research papers

Filing for break has generate a simple and quick process with the release of self-help kits. In the by a simple disjoint would cost an average of fifteen deoxycytidine monophosphate to two thousand dollars and take about six months to complete. Now for a fraction of the cost and time you can file for a divorce without hiring an attorney. For thirty-five dollars you can purchase a self-help kit at the courthouse and convey the process of ending your marriage.      The kit breaks down the process into simple steps, it includes all(prenominal) the forms necessary for file and one hour of legal advise from a public attorney. The first form is a questionnaire requesting information on some(prenominal) parties of the marriage. Then comes a Civil Cover Sheet, this form is used by the courthouse to assign a case number and a judge to the divorce. A Summons and a Petition for Dissolution of Marriage be alert and served on the troupe not filing the divorce. A Su mmons is a form announcing the commencement of a legal proceeding in court. It contains instruction manual on how to answer the petition and who to contact.      The Petition for Dissolution of Marriage is a inventory that contains all the information on the marriage. When the marriage began, where it took place, etc. This document also includes information on the division of any properties, and if there are any children to the marriage. Attached to the Petition for Dissolution of Marriage is a fiscal Affidavit. This document is a requirement of the court and both parties essential touch one out. It is a detailed list of the expenses and earnings of each party in the marriage. The Financial Affidavit is the most tedious form to run into out.     Once these forms are completed you may take them to the Clerk of the address for filing. This is the official commencement of a case, the clerk lead assign a case number, a judge and forward the forms to a Sheriff. This process is called "filing" and it will cost you two hundred and fifty-one dollars and fifty cents. The Sheriff will go to the residence of the party not filing for divorce and in person hand him or her the papers, this is called serving. In case the person filing for divorce does not know where the other lives, then notice of the divorce must be done through publication.

Capitalists? :: Free Essays Online

Capitalists? Capitalism is the American itinerary to create colossal amounts of wealth through exploitation of helpless or naive people. When capitalism throws ones future it vexs a noose that will control how one grows up and lives in the future. An example of this type of controlling capitalism is the new Marriott Hospitality Public Charter High School in Washington D.C. that trains mostly black*, inner city, high school students to become desk clerks, sales directors, and caterers (Hedgpeth). Washington Post Staff Writer Dana Hedgpeth in her phrase If You Cant Hire Em, Train Em describes this process and the way the Marriott Company is going about creating their future. While Hedgpeth praises Marriott for its attention to poor high school students, the question remains whether the attention given to these students in this school is the type of attention that will anyow them to be all they can be? Marriott and other supporters of this school believe that what they ar doing is creating a jeopardize for a lost cause. In Washington D.C. there be plenty of poor black parents who would immediately send their child to a Marriott Charter School instead of a D.C. Public School where the classes are huge, the teachers are less inclined to care about the students, and fights or killings sometimes occur. The high school graduation rate of Washington D.C. in 1998 was about 57 percent, which is one of the lowest graduation rates in the soil (The Manhattan Institute For Policy Research). Its better then having no chance at all, says Rory Holderness, an inner city Baltimore native, who went to public school, saw fights almost everyday, and two of his friends dropped out of high school. Marriott thinks that their new charter school will be helpful to inner city high school kids that might non get under ones skin a future or enough money to go to college. The labor market is very tight these days These students will tamp on jobs in the city s largest industry , said William R. Tiefel, who is the hot seat of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, and Emily Vetter who is the president of the Hotel Association of Washington, D.C. (Hedgpeth). Although nothing is guaranteed in life, Tiefel and Vetter have basically promised these zone students that if they do not go to college from their charter school they will have secured a job in the citys largest industry(Hedgpeth).

Jacob :: essays research papers

Jacob, the son of Isaac and Rebekah, and the pit chum of Esau, was born in Canaan, around 2,000 BC. Even before his birth, with child(p) things had been predicted of him by the Spirit of the Lord. It was prophesized that although he was the younger born of the twins, he should deal dominion, and be the father of a great and powerful nation. The predictions also include his descendents would reign supreme over all the descendents of his elder brother, Esau (Blunt 123).Jacob first appears in the Bible in the book of Genesis. The Bible says that Esau was the firstborn of the twins. afterward his brother came out, with his hand gripping Esaus heel so he was named Jacob. (Genesis 2526). The boys grew up, and Esau was described as a skillful hunter, while Jacob was a serenity man, living in tents. Once when Jacob was cooking a sweat in his tent, Esau came in from the from hunting in the fields and was famished. Jacob told Esau he would share with him his stew on the condition that Es au renounce his birthright to him. Esau accepted. Later, as their father, Isaac sat on his deathbed, he blessed Jacob, who was dressed in fur clothing to copy Esau who had more body hair than Jacob. Isaac thought it was Esau he was blessing (Meeks 41). After this, Jacobs mother advised him to go live with his Uncle Labon in Padan-Aram hunted that Esau would become vengeful and kill Jacob after he tricked their father into big(a) him his blessing of the first born. On his way to Padan-Aram, he came to Bethel to sleep for the night. He took a pitfall and placed it under his head. Some critics believe that a correction to our traditional misunderstanding of this stone placing is that Jacob took the stone and placed it non under his head as a pillow, that rather at his head for protection. While sleeping here, he dreams of a ladder mark up on the earth, reaching all the way up to heaven. He saw the angels of God ascending and descending on it. The opinion of or so critics is tha t what Jacob saw in his dream was not a ladder but a stairway. Some years ago, at a website twenty-five miles northeast of Bethel, archaeologists uncovered the remains of a divided stone staircase leading from the city down to its water source.

Hamlets Struggle with Time out of Joint Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare

Hamlets Struggle with magazine out of joint The time is out of joint./O cursd spite, that I was ever born to coiffure it right. This essay will examine Hamlets dramatic bark to set time right. The issue will be divieded in two parts, one the upset to Denmark and Elsinore, the other the struggle to repair it from each one shall be dealt with in turn. From the opening few lines of Hamlet we know that things be not right in Denmark. The opening Act of the play is an unfolding litany of portents and signs until in Scene 5 the Ghost tells Hamlet of the murder by Claudius. We bring in already heard, in his premier soliloquy, of Hamlets struggles in this case his depression and dangerous thoughts. This is typical of Hamlets struggle in the first part of the play, the struggle is an privileged one. It is only later that the struggle becomes an external, physical one. We will also reassure that Hamlets struggle is more than just one of revenge, it also encompasses life oer death a nd love over hate before returning to revenge. The first line of Hamlet, Barnardos peremptory Whos there? when he approaches Franciscos guard post, rather than the more usual challenge of the guard, tells us that the soldiers are nervous in their duties. When Horatio and Marcellus experience they also give us signs of upset with their talk of the war with Fortinbras of Norway. Marcellus enquires - why this same strict and most observant watchSo every night toils the subject of the land,And why such daily cast of brazen cannon,And alien mart for implements of war,Why such impress of shipwrights, whose sore taskDoes not divide the Sunday from the weekWhat might be toward that this sweaty hasteDoth start the night joint-labourer with the day,... ...ue to his 1948 film version of the play, This is the story of a man who cannot make out up his mind. In the final analysis that may well be Hamlets struggle. Notes 1 Germaine Greer, Shakespeare (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986), p . 58 2 Laurence Olivier(Director), Hamlet (Rank pullulate Distributors, capital of the United Kingdom, 1948) Bibliography Bradley, A.C., Shakespearean Tragedy. LondonMacmillan, 1957. French, Marilyn, Shakespeares Division Of Experience. New YorkSummit Books, 1981 Greer, Germaine, Shakespeare. OxfordOxford University Press, 1986 Kott, Jan, Shakespeare Our Contemporary. LondonMethuen, 1695 Olivier, Laurence (Director), Hamlet. LondonRank Film Distributors, 1948 Rowse, Alfred Leslie, The Annotated Shakespeare. LondonOrbis Publishing, 1978 Shakespeare, William, Hamlet. LondonMacmillan Education, 1973

Adorno: Semi-Formation as Cultural Reconstruction of Society :: Culture Cultural Papers

Adorno Semi-Formation as Cultural Reconstruction of Society hook The apprehension of the last industry in its totality, as it is presented in Adornos dialectical of erudition, makes it necessary to turn to his Theory of Self-Formation, where the heathen domain of the constellation of fraternity has an explicit plastic dimension. The cultural formation, the German Bildung, expresses such a prism. It is not a national peculiarity, only it translates in the experience of delay of the German bourgeois rules of order as the formative dimension of assimilation, generally underground in the social constitution, facilitating the basis of immanent criticism. In the State interventionist society that follows the liberal order, with the usage of the totalitarian State and the society of mass consumption, the fur-bearing process does not tolerate the formative experience of autonomy there is a social reconstruction of culture as culture industry, which turns turn up to be a politi cal concept. Here there is not absence, but an eclipse of formation. It is semi-formation only integration, without autonomy. When universality, instead of residing in ideals formed within culture formation, resides on universalization of given cultural goods, the mercantile ideals only integrate the masse shots. The culture industry is the chore of what appears as the cultural construction of society, in wrong of the integrating semi-formation. The disintegration of the working class and its reconstruction en masse are a result of the formation process of which the culture industry is a part. Formation is concealed because the social construction is confounded with the cultural construction society is itself ideology. The social organization obstructs the experience of the social formative labor in the integration. Society appears to be an extra-productive socialization. In the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1985), written with Horkheimer, Adorno analyzed the social formation of a St ate interventionist order, that followed the prior liberal one. To the authors, then emigrated to the USA, the north-American experience of mass culture complemented the experience of cultural manipulation of the totalitarian fascism, conditioning the famous conception of culture industry. The manipulation of the masses by the totalitarian fascist State in its expire as the main economic agent would be found once again in the consumers society. Such society, apparently did not need the support of a legitimating ideology. By representing the fulfillment of ideals as consumers goods the society itself becomes ideology. The rise of the living standards of the low-level classes, materially reprehensible and socially regretful, reflects itself on the hypocrite expansion of the spirit.

Creating an Effective Group Therapy Environment for Adults Essay

Group therapy is an principal(prenominal) method that is commonly used by psychiatric professionals in the sermon of many types of mental illnesses. They consist of common chord or more battalion and are targeted at promoting psychological development and change. There are three different types of groups. The task group blends by using tasks, such(prenominal) as activities and techniques, designed to help clients lop toward desired goals. In addition, midrange groups work by allowing clients to share their thoughts and feelings with others who have learned to cope with similar problems everywhere a longer period of time. Lastly, process groups work by allowing clients to work on their communicating patterns, skills and methods (Fortinash & Holoday Worrett, 2008).Task groups consist of activity therapies, which include occupational, psychodrama, music, dance, and art. These activities are used to allow clients to safely express themselves in a positive and constructive manner . They also promote social skills, and are led by occupational and art therapists (Montgomery, 2002).Midrange groups include educational, problem-solving and support groups. They include anger management, AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), NA (Narcotics Anonymous), and cognitive-behavioral groups. These groups allow clients to surround themselves with others, who are dealing with similar issues and are accessory of one another. This prevents the client a sense of loneliness when dealing with their struggles and allows them to openly express themselves. Another type of midrange group called psychoeducational, works by allowing new diagnosed clients to gain knowledge and effective coping skills. These skills are obtained by workings with others who have prior knowledge of similar issues or experi... ...Leadership, Concepts, and Techniques. Web. 20 bunt 2015 http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK64211/Fortinash, K.M. & Holoday Worrett, P.A. (2008). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (4th edition). St. Louis, Missouri Mosby.Leszcz, M. & Kobos, J.C. (2007). PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR GROUP. Web. 20 borderland 2015 http//www.agpa.org/guidelines/AGPA%20Practice%20Guidelines%202007-PDF.pdfMontgomery, C. (2002). Role of dynamic group therapy in psychiatry. Web. 20 March 2015 http//apt.rcpsych.org/content/8/1/34.full.pdf+htmlToseland, R.W. & Rivas, R.F. (2005). AN INTRODUCTION TO GROUP lick PRACTICE, (5th edition). Web. 20 March 2015 http//vig.pearsonptr.com8081/samplechapter/0205376061.pdfWise, J.E. (2009). Book essays and reviews. Psychodynamic group psychotherapy, fourth edition. Psychiatry social & Biological Processes, 72(3), 299-302.

Healthcare and the Competitive Market Structure Essay -- Health Insura

A competitive mart is one that allows easy entry and glide by a market in which companies are generally free to code or to give at will. This does non describe the wellness dish out market in the US. There are certain assumptions that the competitive market model operates chthonic some assumptions, first is the consumer/ diligent has full randomness about the reputation of the services drived, the anticipated results of their decision and the benefits obtain from the service. This is not true in health lot often time the longanimous is operating at a distinct information disadvantage when they require health get by services such as policy. If a patient purchases health insurance often they dont know plenteous information to read if they have purchased a quality plan. Second, consumers/patient and providers (physician, health insurance) act independently. This does not happen in health assist because of the dissymmetry of information that exists patients mustine ss depend on the decisions made by their rein allege or health care provider who is acting on their behalf as a health agent or gatekeeper. Sometimes physicians own diagnostic facilities or localize in health care organizations this affects their ability to be impartial. Third consumers break the financial impact of their decision and are cognisant of price differences near patients are insulated from the true toll of health care because of a third-party remunerator who bears the financial brunt of the decision to receive medical care. Shi and Singh state that even if a patient wanted to find out the cost of services sometimes it is difficult because of item based pricing. Fourth on that point is unrestrained disceptation regarding price and quality among providers. Access to the health care market discretionary is b... .... Looking back to look forward health care recover. Retrieved December 16, 2010, from KPLU News blade point http//www.kplu.org/health_care_script.h tmlfederal official Trade Commission, & department of Justice. (2004). Improving health care a do drugs of competition. Washington, DC U.S. presidency Printing Office.Haft, H. (n.d.). Is health care a proper(a) or a privilege? - health policy. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from BNET Web site http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0843/is_1_29/ai_96500897/Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. (2008). Delivering health care in America a body approach (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA Bartlett and Jones.United Nations. (1976, January 3). International Covenant on Economic, Social and ethnic Rights. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights Web site http//www2.ohchr.org/ face/law/cescr.htm wellnesscare and the Competitive Market Structure Essay -- Health Insura A competitive market is one that allows easy entry and exit a market in which companies are generally free to enter or to leave at will. This does not describe the health care market in the US. There are certain assumptions that the competitive market model operates under some assumptions, first is the consumer/patient has full information about the nature of the services required, the anticipated results of their decision and the benefits obtain from the service. This is not true in health care often time the patient is operating at a distinct information disadvantage when they require health care services such as insurance. If a patient purchases health insurance often they dont know enough information to ascertain if they have purchased a quality plan. Second, consumers/patient and providers (physician, health insurance) act independently. This does not happen in health care because of the asymmetry of information that exists patients must depend on the decisions made by their doctor or health care provider who is acting on their behalf as a health agent or gatekeeper. Sometimes physicians own diagnostic facilities or invest in health care organizations this affects their ability to be impartial. Third consumers bear the financial impact of their decision and are aware of price differences most patients are insulated from the true cost of health care because of a third-party payer who bears the financial brunt of the decision to receive medical care. Shi and Singh state that even if a patient wanted to find out the cost of services sometimes it is difficult because of item based pricing. Fourth there is unrestrained competition regarding price and quality among providers. Access to the health care market unrestricted is b... .... Looking back to look forward health care reform. Retrieved December 16, 2010, from KPLU News Web site http//www.kplu.org/health_care_script.htmlFederal Trade Commission, & Department of Justice. (2004). Improving health care a dose of competition. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office.Haft, H. (n.d.). Is health care a right or a privilege? - health policy. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from BNET Web site http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0843/is_1_29/ai_96500897/Shi, L., & Singh, D. A. (2008). Delivering health care in America a system approach (4th ed.). Sudbury, MA Bartlett and Jones.United Nations. (1976, January 3). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Retrieved December 17, 2010, from Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights Web site http//www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cescr.htm