Asteroids Essay -- essays research papers

AsteroidsIn our solar system today there are all over 30,000 asteroids flying around in all direction colliding with another(prenominal) asteroids and planets, without a care or so the destruction they might convey. Our planet Earth is caught right in the middle of all of this action and is liable to entire extermination of any life forms on the planet if a large enough asteroid crosses its path. Any single asteroid has the possibility to erase thousands of years of memorial and wipeout the human race, as we drive in it. Asteroids are large or small chunks of rock and metal flying around space up to speeds of 80 000 km/h. These chunks were believed to strike formed millions of years ago during the "big bang". These rocks didnt form any planets and were stuck floating around space on their suffer or in the gravitation of the asteroid bam. This asteroid belt is approximately 300 million miles from the Sun and it contains thousands of asteroids some being miles in diam . Another opening of the formation of asteroids is that a planet between Mars and Jupiter once existed and after many years it exploded into thousands of pieces that are still revolving around the sun in the form of an asteroid belt. Other asteroids are formed when large meteors collide with large asteroids creating more small ones. These meteors can also collide with planets transmutationing hit chunks of the crust into space. Ceres is believed to be the biggest asteroid that was in space at one point in time. Ceres was believed to be 600 miles wide, making up 1/3 of the total mass of all asteroids. Ceres was the premier(prenominal) asteroid discovered and was found in 1801. There are two main types of asteroids the first dominates the outer part of the belt and are found to be rich in carbon, the second group are located in the inside of the belt and are found to be rich in minerals. The average temperature of the surface of an asteroid is approximately -73 degrees C. Many peo ple dont know that over 50,000 small asteroids called meteors hit the Earth every year. These meteors are the outside layer of larger asteroids that have been chipped off or are the surface of other planets that have detached from their positions when hit with larger asteroids. Asteroids sometimes align with Earth when meteors flying through space collide with other asteroids in the belt causing pieces to break off and head in all directions. ... ... wide and found within 8 million kilometers of Earth. It is very probable that a large asteroid willing hit the Earth in the future because of the planets past experience with asteroid collisions. Scientists estimate that an asteroid more than 800 m in diameter hits the Earth every million years and a smaller one hits every century. An asteroid bigger than 1 km would mean the end of about 30% of the Worlds population. This size of an asteroid would be the equivalent explosion to 2 million Hiroshima bombs. This explosion would cause des truction of all lively creatures within a hundred mile radius as well as blocking off the Sun with dust and rock particles for weeks or level(p) months. Asteroids are probably the deadliest force that our solar system can produce, one strike could put man back in the dark ages and would kill nigh the entire population of our planet. It is for this reason that scientists should focus more on understanding asteroids and research more into the defense of our planet. At the moment we only know where a fraction of the asteroids out there are. The asteroid that could destroy our planet could only be a year away and we dont even know it exists.

Napster Dilemma :: essays research papers

A major business ethics issue has surfaced which has a dramatic impact on the recording industry and may affect additional industries. As this issue of our newsletter goes to press, the 9th Circuit Federal Court of Appeals in San Francisco, California should be smashed to rendering a decision in the Napster case. This case has been in the limelight for several months, and many people are following it with great interest since they hit important stakes in its outcome. Many college and university students, faculty and administrators have been particularly tuned in to the case, since Napster is very popular on campuses. Regardless of its outcome, the case is expected to outgo the parties involved and have an immense impact on the future of cyberspace, the internet, and the information highway. In this article, I will bring the subscribers up to date on the case, including the appeal arguments presented in support of both sides. As one can imagine, the legal documents in the case a re very voluminous, technical and complex. So to make it easier for the reader to follow, I am presenting the key points in laymans terms. What is Napster and how does it work? In early 1999, Shawn Fanning, a Northeastern University freshman, created Napster software. That summer he made it available for free finished his Napster.com website. Napster is a peer-to-peer technology, which makes it possible for users to freely share their music files through the internet with other users all over the world. Specifically, this is how Napster worksA user sends a quest for a strain. Napster checks its database of music to see if the song is on the PC hard-drive of another Napster user whose computer is turned on (Note No music is stored on Napster servers). Napster finds the song. Napster sends the song in MP3 format to the user who requested it. What is the controversy and status of the case? The record industry alleges that Napster is engaging in or assisting others in copying right of first publicationed music without payment or the express permission of the rights owner. The chronology of the case is, as followsDecember 6, 1999 the record industry sued Napster in Federal District Court for copyright infringements, and petitioned that court to shut down Napster. July 26, 2000 the judge issued a temporary injunction to shut down Napster. July 27, 2000 Napster appealed the ruling before the U.

Sport Psychology: Mental training Essay -- essays research papers

Sports Psychology A Relationship Between Mental Training and Sport Per ashesanceJames Dodson (1995) quotes Dr. Richard Coop, and says that he refers to dramatic plays psychology as just mere helping people to clear away the mental clutter that keeps them from achieving their best (p. 1). Dodson admits that as a golfer he has time-tested to break eighty strokes in golf, but did not succeed until he got help from a well-known sports psychologist. Before meeting his mental coach, Dodson tried to improve his game by buying expensive equipment such as oversized irons, gizmos, and lucky charms, but none of these worked. Once he started working with Dr. Richard Coop, he began to justify his wit from its usual patterns and after a period of mental exercising, Dodson finally broke 80. Dr. Coop emphasizes that golf is very much a brain game. The mind is a tool like any other skill a player possesses. But its often the tool most of us remissness to develop (Dodson, 1995). Once the mind is in peace, our capital punishment progresses.Rebecca Lewthwaite (1990) points out that an individuals motivation has a strong impact on physical performance ... therefore, the process of mental training is the result of the meaning that the individual derives from situations, which arise from personal factors such as final stages and perceptions of competency (p. 1). Usually the performance of an individual is referable to their motivation. More often than not, people tend to train with their mind unconsciously by visualizing improvement in their performance or visualizing the achievement of a goal or goals. Some athletes put the physical work in, but they also forget to work their mind. Body and mind have to come together to form a whole. Once the role of the mind and the physical aspect of the body have been mastered the performance of the individual will improve (Changing Times, 1986).Some of the most interesting events and actions in sports are associated with the athletes will to engage in them. For example, Butt (1976) notes that, Two people engaged in the same sports activity may set in a similar fashion overtly, but each may react differently under the stress of winning or losing and may take different feelings when talking about his/her participation in sports (p. 1). Such is the case of Keith Forman wh... ...2001, from Infotrac database.Dodson, J. (1995). The brain game. Golf Magazine, 37, (5), 20-23. Retrieved October 12, 2001, from Infotrac database.Galloway, J. (1998). Worryfree racing seven tips to avoiding pre-race anxiety. Runners World, 33, (6), 42. Retrieved October 12, 2001, from Infotrac database.Hinkle, J. S. (1994). Integrating sport psychology and sports counseling developmental programming, education, and research. Journal of Sports Behavior, 17, (1), 52-58. Retrieved October 12, 2001, from Infotrac database.LeUnes, A. D., & Nation, J. R. (1989). Introduction to sport psychology. Sport Psychology an Introduction. Chicago Nelson- Hall Publishers.Lewthwaite, R. (1990). Motivational considerations in physical activity involvement. Physical Therapy, 70, (12), 808-812. Retrieved from Infotrac database.Lynch, J. (1994). look at like a champion. Runners World, 29, (8), 50-56. Retrieved from Infotrac database.Lynch, J. (1996). Mind over miles. Runners World, 31, (6), 88-93. Retrieved from Infotrac database.Rosellini, L. (1987). In my mind I know Im handout to be a star. U.S. News & World Report, 102, (2), 58. Retrieved October 12, 2001, from Infotrac database.

Symbols and Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Symbolism in The Scarlet Letter Symbolism in literature is the deepness and hidden meaning in a piece of work. It is often used to represent a moral or religious belief or value. With away symbolism literature is just a bunch of meaningless words on paper. The most symbolic piece of work in American Literature is Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter. Hawthornes use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter is one of the most significant contributions to the rise of American Literature. Much of Hawthornes symbolism is very hard to find but several symbols are also obvious. In the first chapter Hawthorne describes the prison as the black flower of polish society. The prison represents the crime and punishment that was incorporated in the early prude life. He also contrasts the prison with the tombstone at the end of the myth by suggesting that crime and punishment bring about the end of civilized life. In the same chapter he describes the overgrown vegetation of weeds ar ound the prison. The weeds symbolize how corrupt civilization really is. He also points out a positive symbol, the wild rose bush. This represents the blossoming of good out of the darkness of all civilized life. The most important symbol which is carried throughout the novel is undoubtedly the scarlet letter A. It initially symbolizes the immoral act of adultery but by the end of the novel the A has hidden much to a greater extent meaning than that. The A appears in many other places than on the chest of Hester Prynne. It is seen on the armor breastplate at Governor Bellinghams mansion. At night season Dimmesdale is standing on the scaffold he sees a bright red letter A in the sky. While Pearl is playing near the alcove shore she arranges some grass in the form of an A on her own breast. But one of the most important As is one the spectators see ruin on Dimmesdales chest. The letter A also has a variety of meanings. Originally standing for the sin of adultery i t has a different meaning for each character. The Puritan community considers the letter a mark of just punishment. Hester sees the letter as a symbol of unjust humiliation.

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

Canterbury TalesChaucer wrote about many personalities and their triumphs and inadequacies.The Knight is portrayed as an ideal persona. He is a part of the feudalistic system. The impression that I get is one of am older weathered soldier. He is modest of his cultural status. I think that after the wars and battles that he fought he might not want to talk about them and he may even be guilty of them. He wore older raiment. They were not as examine as he could give way worn. He portrays the chivalry element of the bunch. He is religious and also courageousWho from the day on which he first began / To gull abroad had followed chivalry,Truth, honour, generousness, and courtesy. (44-46)He traveled many places over great distances to fight at almost all of the important battles. Chaucer calls him a perfect Knight He was a true, a perfect gentle-knight(68). He owned fine horses that were a symbol of riches at that time, but he did not show this wealth outwardly in his clothing or ad ornments.The Knights son is somewhat his opposite. He dresses more fancily and shows off. He is a squire training to be a knight like his father. I dont think that he is very serious about this because he enjoys the pleasures of life and not untold of his training. Chaucers thoughts of his appearance wereHe was some twenty years of age, I guessed. In stature he was of moderate length,With wonderful agility and strength. (78-80) He stayed up mall night and partied so he did not get much sleep.The Oxford Cleric was an odd scholar. He had a skinny horse and he looks hollow. His clothes were worn thin because he spent all his bullion on learning. He took money from his friends and spent it on more knowledge Whatever money from his friends he took / He spent on learning or another book (303-304) The only thing he cared about in his life was studying.The Franklin precious the best of everything and lived for happiness to every extent. He had the finest food and wine and was obsessed wit h them. He was not religious. He was so obsessed with food that he had to have the finest there was and if he sis not he blamed the cook. The wife of bath was deaf. She made long scarves and traveled. In church she did not like anyone to go in front of her in church.

Canterbury Tales :: essays research papers

Canterbury TalesChaucer wrote about many personalities and their triumphs and inadequacies.The Knight is portrayed as an ideal persona. He is a part of the Feudal system. The sentiment that I get is one of am older wea thered soldier. He is modest of his cultural status. I think that after the wars and battles that he fought he efficiency not want to talk about them and he may even be guilty of them. He wore older clothes. They were not as fancy as he could have wasted. He portrays the chivalry element of the bunch. He is religious and also courageousWho from the day on which he first began / To ride foreign had followed chivalry,Truth, honour, generousness, and courtesy. (44-46)He traveled many places over great distances to fight at almost all of the important battles. Chaucer calls him a perfect Knight He was a true, a perfect gentle-knight(68). He owned fine horses that were a symbol of wealth at that time, but he did not show this wealth externally in his clothing or adornm ents.The Knights son is somewhat his opposite. He dresses more fancily and shows off. He is a squire training to be a knight like his father. I dont think that he is very serious about this because he enjoys the pleasures of life and not much of his training. Chaucers thoughts of his appearance wereHe was some twenty years of age, I guessed. In stature he was of moderate length,With wonderful agility and strength. (78-80) He stayed up perambulation night and partied so he did not get much sleep.The Oxford Cleric was an odd scholar. He had a skinny horse and he looks hollow. His clothes were worn thin because he spent all his money on learning. He took money from his friends and spent it on more knowledge Whatever money from his friends he took / He spent on learning or another book (303-304) The only thing he cared about in his life was studying.The Franklin wanted the trounce of everything and lived for happiness to every extent. He had the finest food and wine and was obsessed w ith them. He was not religious. He was so obsessed with food that he had to have the finest there was and if he sis not he blamed the cook. The wife of bath was deaf. She made long scarves and traveled. In church she did not like anyone to go in front of her in church.

American Son

On one hand, Globalization created an anatomy of modernity and pleasur equal to(p) living taking us on the route of reading spree, yet on the former(a) hand this very Globalization created paradoxical complex situations in the lives of our young ones. These young ones who on one hand pauperism to break entirely the cords of conventional thoughts and ideological patterns that were dominating in their societal introduction and on the other hand want to enter into the world shown to them by the materialistic society of to daylight.Childrens dreams and images of the glamorous world shown to them in the American society are enough to turn their versatile mind towards the fulfillment of realization of their goals. But more and more electric shaverren from different parts of the world trying to follow the ideals of the glamour and power showered on them by Hollywood, more and more they find themselves entangled into the web of unsuccessful endeavors resulting in lashing against each other. This very preposterous position of their duplicate life faced by the children has been captured in the intricate words of American son.The novel revolves around Filipino immigrants, and the effect that the American culture in Globalization world have on them, the problems they are facing in searching their own identity and the cerise effects on them resulting from the racism. The attraction of the children for the materialistic goods, their desire for luxurious life and the drop of familial bond they had to face take them to the path of curse coaxing them for steal and coveting.Globalization brought the glamour world into the souls of the generation next coaxing them into following unrealizable ideals of the fashionable world, and when success remains aloof from these young Filipino Americans, they resort to crime and violence. The society of Filipino American youths so revealed in 1993 in calcium by Brian Roley reflects the underbelly of the modern immigrant experience ( buns cover). The dilemma of the Filipino youths is seen through the eyes of Gabrielito Sullivan, fifteen-year-old American boy.He was a boy who was born and brought up by dust coat father and Filipino start. The whole family strove to maintain a balance between their traditional values raised by the voice of Uncle Betino in the Philippines through his crystallize and the attractions of the genre class of the American society, living in West LA. Gabrielito, nickname Gabe, his mother, and his older brother Tomas, emigrated to America almost ten years before, had to fight at every stage of their life to regain their identity in the multifarious city of Los Angles.They had to rely on menial or dead end jobs external from their families, as seen by Rhacel Parrenas, partial citizenship, the pain of family separation, the experience of contradictory class mobility, and the feeling of kindly exclusion or non-belonging in the migrant community (Parrenas, 12), deliver volume of the s ufferings they had to go through and the trauma of the violent acts they had to face due to poverty that had put all the concepts of Globalization lay bare. Gabe did not see his father, since the day he got drunk and returned from his station in Germany.He still remembered that darkest phase of his life when his father thrashed the children and making fun of Filipinos and her family, the father told Tomas that he only married their florists chrysanthemum because he wanted someone meek and obedient, but had been fooled because she came with a nagging extended family. (Roley 24) When his father left the home, Gabes mother would often call up her brother in the Philippines to seek his advice on how she should bring her children up.She would often receive letter from Uncle Betino to send her sons back to Philippines to imbibe in them some of the Asian virtues of the family heritage. (Roley 201) These letters did not allow Gabes mother to come out of her roots and neither allowed her to fully assimilate herself in the American society. Even though efficient hardships loomed large on her face, she still did not want to go back as she could not bear the heat, showers that spread smell, the insects, diseases, and relatives who make tsismis about each other behind their backs (Roley 33).Tomas tried to reconcile himself into the American family and defying the racist and discriminatory attitude by showing his masculinity. He would often end up in the family parties with his muscles all covered in gangster tattoos and his head shaved down to stubble and his eyes bloodshot from pot. (Roley 15) This character and personality adopted by Tomas spread the instigate of rebel and violence against his own self and against the duplicate society. He was al ship behavior finding himself in the company of tough Mexicans and his tattoos also postured the Mexican identity.His tattoos are more often than not gang, Spanish, and old-lady Catholic, Gabe observed, as he noted the Vi rgin of Guadalupe tattoo that covers his back from his neck down to his pants. (Roley 17) Tomas tried to use the stereotype and racists attitude of the society to fulfill his moneymaking(prenominal) gains. In his business of Dogs, he uses the language that signifies the stereotype image that is breathing in the American souls. He uses German language to sell his dogs and all to the robust people and celebrities. (Roley 15) He uses the tactic of story telling with nationalized concept to draw in the attention of his clients towards his dogs.He is often heard saying to his clients that his dogs have pedigrees that go back to Germany, and that they descend from dogs the Nazis used and that his training is a Teutonic art that goes back to the Prussian war states. (Roley 20) Its only by proclaiming himself as Nazi that he is able to find himself recognized and legitimate citizen among high-class society of America. The most alluring part lies in the fact that all lies are easily tak en for granted, as whole society is inflexed with racism. Since ages, Asian males had been subjected to mistreatment and exclusion laws.Their masculine power were thought of as a crime and considered as harmful for the whole society as they were thought of to be terminator of diseases, miscegenation and sexual corruption. Majority of the males were put to work considered as feminine in nature and were poorly paid and were represented in Media as hypersexual. In a bid to develop a viable his identity as a macho man, time and again, Tomas would succumb himself in violence and goes to an extent of beating his brother, whenever he looked at his subservient attitude.Though both Tomas and Gabe loved their mother but they would get frustrated at their helplessness and by the financial difficulties that they had to undergo and to overcome this Tomas involved himself in all petty crimes analogous assaulting others, breaking into the houses of other people, and robbery. By the end of the no vel, he took Gabe along with him for stealing the goods of other people and then again selling them only with a hope to increase their wealth and along with that the status of their mother. Tomas stole the items like administration sinks faucets and bathroom fittings and in exchange bought a new bed for her mother.Once in a house of Brentwood Park, Tomas told Gabe, Look for the pearls. Or anything with gold on it. Forget the silvern stuff. It wouldnt look good on her brown skin. (Roley 147) As it was amply clear to them that their success and to make themselves recognized in a society, wealth is the most primal and established proposition, in what ever way it is earned. To gain the status and position in American society, the most important qualification is how wealthy you are. And Tomas was following the very(prenominal)(p) path.He was showering his love for mother by giving her all the wealthy possessions, which were constantly figured in various forms of media like glossy ma gazines, television, film and advertisements attracting Filipino youths. outgo the life in a capitalist society surrounded with materialistic wealth but not having any thing for themselves, the lives of Filipino youths was just equal to a thirsty person surrounded with sea. Its like water is everywhere but not a single drop to drink. In the social and political spheres that engulfed America in the nineteenth century it was impossible for them to earn money in a legitimate way.There were very few options left for them to earn the status and legitimacy among high and legendry class. In his quest to acquire wealth, Tomas became a hustler. As said by Mercer and Julien, the figure of the hustler is intelligible as a valid response to conditions of racism, poverty and exploitation, it does not challenge that system of oppression but rather accommodates itself to it illegal means are used to attain the same normative ends or goals of consumption associated with the patriarchal definiti on of the mans role as breadwinner.(Mercer and Julien, 114) They think themselves as American Son only if they act violently. The violence and crime can only gratify them. They showed their aggressiveness by beating Ben, one of the schoolmates of Gabe, who was also, son of rich American woman. Ben threatened them to collect eight hundred dollars from their mother as she by mistake knocked at the womans land Cruiser, which was in front of their school. And while hurling the tire iron at Bens legs, Gabe thought that, I feel a rush not of anxiety but of confidence.In a scary way I realize I like it. Strangely, that only makes my stomach worse. (Roley 215) In the end of the story, when Tomas placed his hand over Gabe just like a father would do to his son, showed the volume of the self pull up stakes power and reassurance they are giving to each other. With the help of both criminal as well as legitimate ways, both the protagonists enabled themselves to get along with the ways of the w orld full of prejudice and disproportionate disposition.They may not be now trans-migrants like their mother, but they forgot their values and traditions and defied both court and law. The most polar aspect of the novel is the inner conflict of the protagonists that arises from their own self and society that is shown in Gabes nature too who was earlier a submissive child but soon followed Tomas way of life. When beaten by his brother, his inner instinct told him to go and take revenge and so he took revenge on Tomas by stealing his car and dog.He then ran away to Northern California so that he can find himself get rid of his family and from his brothers violent behavior towards him but his bonds for his family succumbed him to return and join Tomas. Todays youths want to unleash the old conventional ways of life and grasp the wealth and power, and when they wear upont get it they resort to crime. They want to ask questions and seek reliable answers from society and from their lif e, and when they do not get the answer they find their own way whether it is crime or other wise.This is a way of the world as they are the youths and sons of this world. WORKS CITED Mercer, Kobena and Isaac Julien. Race, Sexual Politics and Black Masculinity A Dossier. manful Order Unwrapping Masculinity. Ed. Rowena Chapman and Jonathan Rutherford. London Lawrence & Wishart, 1988. 97-164. Parrenas, Rhacel Salazar. Servants of Globalization Women, Migration and Domestic Work. Stanford CA Stanford UP, 2001. Roley, Brian Ascalon. American Son. New York Norton, 2001

Lexis Nexis Uk Newspaper Database Article Education Essay

This annotated bibliography will see issues associating to a antheral influence at heart a schooldaysroom environment and to light upon whether or non it benefits put ons s acquisition. Why is in that location a deficiency of male person teachers in the twenty-first century? Do male instructors deliver a conk out acquisition experience than female instructors?Cardinal Footings male instructors in early instruction male instructors school-age child reaction to male instructors male influence in school learnedness males in school study forces in the schoolroom work forces in early instruction .BeginningsEducation Resource Information Centre ( ERIC )Sumsion, J. ( 2005, foremost One-fourth ) . male instructors in early childhood instruction issues and instance survey. In Diamond, K, E. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 20 ( pp.109-123 ) . USA.Searched for male instructors in early instruction in ERIC. Full text version was non available. Full term provided by SciVerse database through a journal hunt on Strathclyde Universities SuPrimo.This section of the journal identifies overbearing statements for the enlisting of work forces in early instruction. The research was compiled in three bunchs of statements benefits for society, for the instruction business and for the infant pupils.This first statement decl ars that with an change magnitude figure of males in the instruction profession that on that point would be an altered attitude to premises in relation to gender parts and duties. This is briefly conveyed ( Cameron & A Moss 1998 ) that differentiates amid male and females in relation to childcare contradictory of sensed stereotypes.Additionally, the future(a) bunch argues that with more male input in the profession in that respect would be an addition in the position and of instructors ( Lyons et al. , 2003 ) and besides would better workplace kineticss and staff interrelatednesss. Besides there is thousand that supports wor k forces keep higher paid administrative places that could potentially be impartred to the learning profession.The 3rd statement is that work forces tail assembly assist develop kids s attitude for a diverse hereafter. By exposing kids to non-traditional buildings they can get down to go more compassionate and morally right.Sternod, B.M. ( 2011, Issue 2 ) . Role Models or Normalizing Agents? A Genealogic Analysis of Popular create verbally News Media Discourse sing manlike Teachers. In Thiessen, D. Curriculum Inquiry. ( pp.277-286 ) . California, USA.Searched for work forces in the schoolroom in ERIC. Full text version was non available. Full term provided by Wiley Online Library through a journal hunt on Strathclyde Universities SuPrimo.This diary identifies fully grown females as a menace to the development of green males as they override the virile impact that is attempted to be conveyed. Evidence supports the deficiency of male instructors in simple schools with merely 9 % being male.Some school kids start out no male influence in their lives and urgently necessitate an influential figure to larn and draw a bead on from. Male instructors besides supply concrete subject within the schoolroom notwithstanding besides can understand immature male behaviorism. Males are besides, more perfect(a) doing kids more alert within the schoolroom and they besides are able to link with pupil, in bend bettering acquisition.Michael Gurian ( Hein, 1998 Peterson,1998 ) claims that male childs learn through a masculine nurturing system which revolves around regard. Male childs can derive regard from an older/wiser male and this has to be earned. If a male child acts unsuitably the higher rank male will loss regard for that person and it is up to the person to accomplish it back. This relationship has a inclination to be around males therefore it would be good for male influence to be in school community.Lack of male influence both in and out of school physiq ues up a inclination for Acts of the Apostless of force and otherwise offenses. Without a powerful influence in a kid s development their natural maleness is free to agree what it wants. Without positive counsel immature male could easy fall in to the incorrect paths and may non hold good ethical motives and could arise against what is really good.This diary continues to look at different facets of what makes a crop theoretical grievance and what it has been based on.Lexis Nexis UK Newspaper database articleClark, L. ( 2012 ) . 1 in 5 male childs at primaries score no male instructors while some could travel through their full instruction without one. MailOnline, 16th November. Retrieved from hypertext canalise protocol //www.lexisnexis.com/uk/news/ .Searched for Male instructors on hypertext transfer protocol //www.lexisnexis.com/uk/news/ .This newspaper article presents an statement that there is a conduct for male ancient pedagogues. The article cites that there is a as tonishing append of female instructors in relation to male instructors with 360,485 male childs aged 4 10 retentivity attended a school with no qualified male presence. Within these statistics 61,060 of the pupils are having free school repasts repayable to low income highlighting that the job is countrywide.There is a deficiency of male influence within primary students taking to claims that excessively many male childs are holding small or no interaction with males before making high school. With a alter nature within places there potentially may be pupils who reach early maturity and holding no male influence making a distorted position of society. Professor John Howson at Oxford Brookes University agrees stating If you neer acquire a opportunity to interact with one gender, so you are non acquiring a rounded instruction .The article continues, speaking about how immature professionals can be persuaded to come in the instruction profession and how bad imperativeness and other influential incidentors can do this hard.Internet Research ArticleKoutros, M. ( 2010 ) . The Lack of Male Teachers and it s Effect on Student Development. Brooklyn College USA. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol //earlyactionresearch.wikispaces.com/file/view/koutros_actionresearch.pdf/ .Searched hypertext transfer protocol //www.google.co.uk for student reaction to male instructors .This article was produced by a pupil at an American University who was bring forthing an Action Research Project on the deficiency of male instructors in a schoolroom. The survey identifies that the National Education Association ( NEA ) , revealed that less than one-quarter of all instructors were male. Recent surveies show that the deficiency of male instructors is due to low wages and issues associating to gender stereotypes.The paper is garnering research on the deficiency of a strong male function theoretical account in schoolrooms holding a harming impact on a kid s sustainable de velopment. Male instructors are viewed as function theoretical accounts ( Martino, 2008. p.192 ) . Recuperative Maleness Politicss are a agencies to change stereotypes and convey back a male influence into the schoolroom. This is significantly of import for immature male childs as they look for a function theoretical account, person to draw a bead on to.Gender besides plays an impact on schoolroom direction techniques which differ from male and female. Males within a schoolroom harbor a better impact in relation to females as kids respond to bids from a male more instinctively ( Kesici, 2008 Bryce & A Blown, 2007 ) .The article continues to detail the sum-up of the pupil s research and his program of what he is traveling to make to garner relevant grounds.Andersonian library BookJames, A.N. ( 2007 ) . Teaching the Male pass How male childs Think, Feel and Learn in School. ( pp. 157-159 ) . USA.Searched learning males in school in the University of Strathclyde s SuPrimo datab ase.This book analogies that maleness is an indispensable facet of a kid s development kids should be able to see that there are many alternate ways of seeing the universe from a gendered position. Male function theoretical accounts are critical with many an increasing figure of one-parent kinsfolks a dominantly female influence disenable male childs to specify what it means to be a male child ( Neall, 2002 Pollack, 1998 ) .A job arises with a chief female influence on a immature male what if in seeking to collide with like a male, a child Rebels against the influence of a female and acts the complete antonym. He may hold decided that the right behavior for work forces is ill-mannered, angry, noisy and vocal. This acts as a cardinal flee to a feminist position within a school environment ( Mac and Ghail, 1994 ) .A male instructor can besides impact originative subjects such as art in a positive mode. By giving the kids a mechanised headway of view the pupils took it in on th eir pace and completed a undertaking as holding thought about it alternatively of a stamp female originative expressional side.The book is all about the manner boys learn and how they can be influenced and taught in different ways.Online Library ArticleBittner, M. T. and Cooney, M. H. ( 2001 ) . Work force in Early Childhood Education Their Emergent Issues. In Jalongo, M. R. Early Childhood Education Journal. ( pp. 77 82 ) . USA.Searched male instructors early childhood on Strathclyde University s SuPrimo library hunt engine.This subdivision of the diary look fors the different issues that affect work forces within a schoolroom environment. It looks at influential factors such as salary, household reaction and pre-conceptual stereotypes of being male and a member of the instruction profession.The goes on to look at the advantages and disadvantages of holding a male influence in a schoolroom. Children can profit both straight and professionally from a skilled, good educated male instructor. There are two analogies that back this up both giving grounds that male pupils have wholly altered behavior, assurance and ability with the impact that a male presence has had on the persons. Besides experiments have revealed that pupils are more watchful and concentrate on a adult male within a category therefore would larn more.However, male instructors have a inclination to experience stray and uncomfortable being in a female dominant environment. This was besides apparent from one of the focal point groups the research workers carried out one individual declared that some pupil s parents were non happy with a adult male assisting their kids with toilet demands and another instructor disclosure that he feels judged when a kid harmlessly sits on his articulatio genus. To try to decide this touch issue the group devised a procedure of constructing positive relationships with both pupils and parents in an effort to attest this issue.This article concludes by placing a demand for a declaration in the manner male instructors are comprehend within the schoolroom.ComparisonSternod, B.M. ( 2011, Issue 2 ) . Role Models or Normalizing Agents? A Genealogic Analysis of Popular Written News Media Discourse sing Male Teachers. In Thiessen, D. Curriculum Inquiry. ( pp.277-286 ) . California, USA.Bittner, M. T. and Cooney, M. H. ( 2001 ) . Work force in Early Childhood Education Their Emergent Issues. In Jalongo, M. R. Early Childhood Education Journal. ( pp. 77 82 ) . USA.Sternod and the Bittner, Cooney fusion both conducted research into what portion a male instructor dramas in the development of an early twelvemonth s pupil. Sternod declares that there is a despairing demand for a male figure in the successful development of kids, particularly boys. The laterality of female staff overruling the really few male instructors highlights a defect in the instruction system with a deficiency of right gender stereotype instruction. Cooney and Bittner look at the learning profession and how it affects work forces. They besides explore the influence a male has on the schoolroom and how it can be perceived by others.Bittner and Cooner found that work forces may experience uncomfortable and precarious with a schoolroom when kids are trying to be fond and touchy-feely non due to the males personal edginess but by the fact that in at present s milieus that would be judged by others and seen as incorrect. This provides grounds in favor of female instructors as they are conveyed as loving and lovingness. This stereotype besides differs from sternods article as he argues that adult females are the 1s doing the deficiency of full development chances of kids.Particularly, Sternod looks at male childs larning through a masculine nurturing system where regard is indispensable. Male instructors can utilize different methods of learning kids and have fluctuations in schoolroom behavior direction which differ from females. This method gives male instructors a measure up on females as they have an about point system with male pupils and that the pupils will take to affect -work harder- their male instructor. This strong personal instructor pupil relationship contradicts Cooney and Bittner as they argue that male instructors can non hold a strong relationship with pupils.It is deserving observing that both research workers agree that there is a demand for more male s instructors within the learning profession. They merely somewhat differ on the methodological analysis in which should be set in topographic point to further better male standing in the schoolroom and for the development of kids.DecisionA male influence within the learning profession decidedly has an impact on how kids are educated, the manner kids are educated and the effectivity of schoolroom behavior direction.Without surrogate, new methods of educating our immature people there would be a deficiency of effectual instruction manners that push and develop kids to endeavor to what they can go. A male function theoretical account is critical in guaranting that kids understand the difference between muliebrity in being a miss and maleness in being a adult male. As it is chiefly female instructors in early phases so kids develop more feminine properties and hence deficiency in maleness which is particularly refering for immature male childs.If there was no male presence so at that place would non merely be a deficiency of confident important figures but there besides would be an underlined defect in a kid s gender stereotype instruction. A adult male in a schoolroom gives kids a modern point of view that kids aspire that anyone can make anything they want non all instructors are females, non all pilots are male.There is grounds that supports males have a better controlled schoolroom with kids holding a inclination to hold better behavior in the pretension of a male. It could be the fact that kids are scared to how a male may respond to bad b ehavior or it could be due to the regard that the kids have for the pedagogue. Young boys normally behave better around older males as they are seeking to affect them and derive regard.Personally, I think that without males in the instruction profession there would be a batch less compassionate and credence within this modern, of all time altering epoch. Male teacher partly maintain kids streetwise with altering tendencies within society and hence do the coevals of tomorrow more diverse and accepting. Besides without the first male instructor to animate the following coevals at that place would nt be draw a bead oning instructors such as me.

Ethics in health services and policy a global approach Essay

honorable dilemmaIntroduction ethics is the study of sensible thinking. Nurses face moral dilemmas on their quotidian practices. Ethical activities depend on some(prenominal) factors. What one person consider as moral may be different from another persons approach of the circumstances? Nurses encounter respectable dilemma regardless of where they function in wide-ranging tasks. These principled conclusions can have a collision to the nurses as well as their patient roles. In general, there is no apposite decision to a moral dilemma. An ethical dilemma can be defined as a quandary without satisfying solution. The moment of moral decision making depend on the perception that regardless of numerous ethical alternatives made pertaining to a given ethical dilemma, the resultant prime(a) can pose to neither right nor wrong judgment. Ethics involve doing right and causing no impairment. However, definition of principles varies from one nurse to the other. Ethical guideline classes provide the nurse with suitable tools to base moral decisions upon. Though, these principles argon habitually shaped by the beliefs, values and knowledge of the nurse. Accordingly, various choices may be embossed concerning the identical impasse. There are assorted ethical distresses that nurses can come across in the place of work. They embroil emancipation versus control, timberland versus quantity of living, truth telling versus deception, pro-choice versus pro-life, empirical knowledge versus personal beliefs, and distribution of resources. Quantity tycoon focus on an individual life span whereas quantity focuses on the number of citizens who will be influenced by the judgment. Quality address the goodness of life of a person, but it varies depending on how a person defines good. For slip the nurses position in supporting the patient deciding among a therapy that will lengthen life, but comprehending the fiber of life. The patients life may be extended, but will experie nce major unattractive effects from the therapy. Nurses are called upon to use moral perceptions in delivering patient vex. Ethical perceptions read provision of accurate, good and coherent distribute. Patients necessitate to be offered prospects to put across their autonomy of preference in determining how they desire to be attended and in acquiring service. Ethical nurses identify that they are obliged to offer individualized care which will help the patient to realize their highest welfare. Ethical treat care is based on lucid decision making and science. There are four fundamental concepts which are significant to a proficient nursing practice. They include respect for patient self-rule, the task to operate with generosity, no mischief and justice. Nurses map respect to the patient self-rule by enhancing and recognizing a patients freedom of preference, respect their opinions, and providing privacy. The National League for Nursing issued a statement which highlights patien t rights. Nurses are expected to encourage the rights of patients and advocate for patients who are unmindful(predicate) of their rights. Nurses exhibit generosity by helping patients to attain their highest welfare. This can be attained by developing health care policies that affect large commonwealth or provision of direct care to individual patients. Nurses are not allowed to cause any damage to their patients. This is the principal of non-mischief. Nurses often do have to consummate operations which make the patients uncomfortable. For example, when a nurse is administering an injection to the patient. Patients need medication to relief the sicknesses, though, in the process of relieving the symptom, the nurse might cause distress. Non-mischief mustiness be balanced by kindness, while providing patient care. The intention of the nurse provides a treatment whose gain must outweigh the discomfort caused. The nurse aim must be to assist rather than causing impairment. Equality and justice in nursing care is usually linked to the delivery of services. The current health care restructuring strategy is an end result of people acknowledging that the present health care structure requires streamlining. Controversy arises over what is practical, fair, and efficiently realistic. Nurses are involved at every(prenominal) phase of current health care classification, assisting with policy development and decision making. Professionals propose that nursing concept of ethical care is outstanding case and ineluctably staid implementation throughout the nursing practice. It is related to medical replica of ethics since it deals with life and death matters. The nursing model is one of the personal patient empowerment. Ethical nurses control health care reform plan which put emphasis on healing even in situations where curing is impossible. It position quality of life at the front line. Ethical dilemmas which the nurses face every daylight are diverse. They include ass orted topics such as end of life care and staffing ratios. Nurses might face ethical dilemma as they attend patients with disabilities which might position them at peril for self-harm. For instance, an aged patient might be eager to perambulation without directive. The nurse desires to endorse patient sovereignty, though the possibility of patient harm because of falling may be large. The dilemma is how to balance the contrasting situations. The nurse is in a dilemma to choose which one is more significant between security and independence. Each family, patient and health care staff faces these argufys in daily basis. Momentous challenges may be experienced by nurses operating with parents who have infants with mental or physical disabilities. The nurse is left to decide whether it is moral to slip the infant to an inexperienced process which will impose pain if it provides them with distinct chance of survival. The nurses have to decide whether it is ethical to prolong life whil e the quality of life is being comprehended. Recent research findings reveal that, nurses as caregivers central to health care, face a growing rate of ethical dilemma. The know-how is helping patients to bide serious sicknesses. However, recent studies disclose that people are surviving, but they are not living decent lives. Nurses have a task of executing clinical and educational operations which deal with the subject that professional care provides. The other dilemma is that there are insufficient health care resources across the world. The resources are also not equally scattered. The nurses are left to ensure that there is equitable distribution of health care resources. Patients from various cultures and personal experiences may present with different opinions of what is moral. The nurse can serve as resource to make sure that every individual feels that their opinions were considered. They have to decide who should get the scarce resources? For instance, nurses operative with patients living in vegetative state nurses decide whether these patients should be left on life maintenance? The outlay of sustaining these patients is high. The patients might be consuming possessions that could be utilized by patients whom such expensive interventions, if reachable, could set aside their lives. The dilemma is determining the position of the nurse when a family wishes to go on with life hold up for a medically ineffective patient. In conclusion, ethical principles are very noteworthy in the nursing practices since they direct the nurses to make their every day decisions. The nurses, however, face ethical dilemma since they are not able to settle to a superior decision. Nursing is a profession that requires a lot of decision making since they are working to save patient lives, though they are required to make decisions depending on the code of ethics.ReferencesBlasi, A. E. (2012). An Ethical Dilemma. Journal of Legal Medicine, 33(1), 115-128.Burkhardt, M. A., & Nat haniel, A. K. (2008). Ethics & issues in contemporary nursing (3rd ed.). Clifton Park, NY Thomson Delmar Learning.Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. (2008). Nursing ethics across the curriculum and into practice (2nd ed.). Sudbury, Mass. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Garber, P. R. (2008). The ethical dilemma. Amherst, Mass. HRD Press.Garber, P. R. (2008). The ethical dilemma. Amherst, Mass. HRD Press.Harris, D. M. (2011). Ethics in health services and policy a global approach. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Harris, D. M. (2011). Ethics in health services and policy a global approach. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.Hendrick, J. (2000). Law and ethics in nursing and health care. Cheltenham Stanley Thornes.Hoffman, J. (2003). A Knotty Ethical Dilemma. Emergency Medicine News, 25(1), 36.Johnstone, M. (2007). Clinical risk management and the ethics of open disclosure when things go wrong Implications for the nursing profession. Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal, 10(4), 215-216.Liaschenko, J., & Peter, E. (2004). Nursing ethics and conceptualizations of nursing profession, practice and work. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 46(5), 488-495. Retrieved February 8, 2009, from http//dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03011.xLinzer, N. (2003). An Ethical Dilemma in Volunteer Professional Relationships. Social Thought, 22(4), 37-51.Lowe, M. (2000). Ethical dilemma. A question of competence. Age and Ageing, 29(2), 179-182.Martin, C. W., Vaught, W., & Solomon, R. C. (2010). Ethics across the professions a reader for professional ethics. New York Oxford University Press.Mcmahon, R. L. (2003). An ethical dilemma in a hospice setting. Palliative & appurtenant Care, 1(01), 35.Miller, S., & Selgelid, M. J. (2008). Ethical and philosophical consideration of the dual-use dilemma in the biological sciences. New York Springer.Monga, M. (2007). An Ethical Dilemma. Monash Business Review, 3(3), 34-35.Pattison, S. (2010). Emerging values in health care the challenge for professionals. London Jessica Kin gsley Publishers.Spector, T. (2001). The ethical architect the dilemma of contemporary practice. New York Princeton Architectural Press.Spector, T. (2001). The ethical architect the dilemma of contemporary practice. New York Princeton Architectural Press.Tschudin, V. (2003). Approaches to ethics nursing beyond boundaries. Edinburgh Butterworth-Heinemann.Tschudin, V., & Davis, A. J. (2008). The globalisation of nursing. Oxford Radcliffe Pub..APA formatting by BibMe.org.Source document

Evangelism Paper Essay

Over the last few months one and however(a) has to mention an undeniable fact the perform service service of tomorrow moldiness be reached different than the church of yesterday. Through readings, lectures, and field trips, it has become evident that something different moldiness begin to take place if the church is going to be able to reach the present and future generations.We must(prenominal) become creative in our evangelism if we wish to reach this culture. It is essential to be up to date technologically and even socially. A diplomatic minister who falls behind in the social atmosphere around him will lose touch with his or her people. If we ar to reach these people as individuals, the pastor bathroomnot be expected to do all the work. A clerical ministry will not penetrate this age, notwithstanding the priesthood of all believers can (Maddix).That is, we must teach the laity of the church to reach out spiritually and socially to their neighbors, friends, and espe cially each other. According to Bonhoeffer, the meaning of the report Christianity means community through Jesus Christ and in Jesus Christ. No Christian community is more or less than thiswe belong to one another only through and in Jesus Christ is threefold foremost, that a Christian needs others because of Jesus Christsecond, that a Christian comes to others only through Jesus Christthird, that in Jesus Christ we conduct been chosen from eternity, accepted in time, and united for eternity (21).The transformation of members into ministers will detonate great growth at bottom the church. In the midst of this, it is essential to remain biblical. The Scripture must alship canal be taken in force(p)ly, never galvanic pileplayed, in an bowel movement to reach someone. We must recognize that we are a body of believers and that, according to Wesley, on that point is no such(prenominal) thing as solitary religion. Whether Christ is the start thing out of our mouth or not, we mus t be passionate about Christ before we will be able to reach these generations.We can become passionate by focusing on Christ and focusing on those who are not yet followers of Christ. A passion for the baffled is essential in evangelism. Two of my closest friends had not been saved, and my heart felt great pain and anguish make outing that if everything ended right then, I would be without them for eternity, and more importantly, they without God. We must as well focus on sin, not avoiding it so as to attract people. A seeker sensitive church will bring out if sin in not recognized. Evangelistic decisions are the most powerful catalyst for change and growth in a church and pastor. As such, we should make out our purpose as a church and embrace it. I will focus on st pauls lutheran church. In tandem with numerous other churches, St. Pauls indeed has an official membership list that includes many people who have left the group.However, around 75 adults have go to or made a co ntribution to some extent to St. Pauls over the past year, along with 12 children and 3 teenagers. Pastor Nadines yearly salary is $15,500. If we are to create a church, we must begin with a strong foundation. According to Rick Warren, If you want to build a healthy, strong, and ontogenesis church you must spend time laying a solid foundation. This done by clarifying in the minds of everyone involved exactly why the church exists and what it is supposed to do (86). First, a clear purpose builds moral. The moral of a church will be much higher if they have why they exist.Second, a clear purpose reduces much frustration. We are helped to put aside the petty things and recognize what we are not seeking to do. A clear purpose within a church allows for concentration. The more focus a church has, the higher touch it will have on the people around it. If focus is lost, therefore, the impact of the church will be negligible. It is also vital not to flood the church calendar. The goal of the church is not to overwhelm its people, but to quench them. custom should never stand above excellence within the church. If an event or tradition is now failing, it should probably be removed. Chances are that new traditions could be started that could have a much great impact on both the church and the people in the neighboring areas.Programs should never be started if they do not disappear in line with the purpose of the church. So, just because a program may seem to be well-intentioned and may even have well affects on the church, that doesnt mean those affects are furthering the purpose of the church. Serious setbacks could occur in this manner. When beginning new ministries within the church, the pastor or initiator of the idea must not stand alone in developing it. At this point delegations need to be made to people who are trustworthy and effective. They must know their duties or the ministry will fail. A clear purpose also attracts cooperation.We must make sure members understand the purpose of the church so they can be comfortable with what is being taught and what ministries are taking place. Someone who is out of touch with the purpose of the church may begin to feel excluded and angry that things are not going as they should. Some people may transfer to a church with a set purpose and have their own ideas about ways things should be done based on their past experiences. These people must not be part of the decision making processes of the church in cost of its purpose. As the rest of the congregation has already committed to the purpose, changing it now would be kinda unhealthy for the church.Finally, having a clear purpose for the church makes it easier to tax the growth and success of the church. With clear goals having been set, it is easy to look and see what has and has not been accomplished (Maddix,). Once these purposes are established, it is important to organize around them. In doing so, there are five basic purpose-driven church types as outlined in lecture. First is the Soul Winning Church. The pastor is the evangelist and the primary goal is hit the lost. Second is the Experiencing God Church. This church focuses on experiencing the presence and power of God in worship.The third type is the Family Reunion Church. The primary focus here is fellowship. The pastor is usually very relational, loving and spending time with his people. The next type is the strainroom Church. Here the pastor is primarily a teacher. The sermons will almost unendingly include taking notes. I would place most of the Nazarene churches I have attended in this category primarily. The final type is the Social scruples Church. The pastor is seen as a prophet or reformer. The church is primarily concerned with changing society- doers of the Word. With all of these available, it becomes essential to produce a good balance.These purposes must still be applied further. We should work to constantly be working to assimilate newcomers if we wish to keep them as a part of the church. To do this the church must be prepared for newcomers with its Greeter/Usher ministry as well as its fearfulness ministries team. A follow-up on newcomers almost always lets them know that they were noticed and are cared about. At least a few contacts should be made in the first week whether from the pastor directly or from care team members. The programs within the church must be relevant to the purpose of the church, as stated before. Programs should be servants to the purpose. Also reiterated, is that the people must be ameliorate as to the purpose of the church. If people know the purpose, they will begin to live according to the purpose as evangelists, worshipers, disciples and ministers.Small groups have become on the most successful ways of reaching out to the present generations. These groups can be seeker groups which meet away from the church in a home or for an activity. The purpose of seeker groups is develop relationship wi th the lost. Disciple/Growth groups are great for Christians of all maturity levels, but especially for the new Christian. Support groups such as prison ministries, divorce, alcohol and drug recovery groups are widely accepted and appreciated by the community, helping others and their families. If at all possible, staff should be built around people from within the church.Anyone brought in must be extremely likable and hold a similar missional view for the church. There should be mission teams, music teams, membership teams, maturity team, and ministry teams as part of the church. With each owning a specific purpose within the church, no single one is being emphasize, and no one is being left out. The pastor should preach according to the purpose of the church. This should be how the church grows to accept and believe in its purpose. The priorities of a church are easily seen through its budget and calendar. The budget should be scheduled wisely and in ways that directly impact the purposes of the church. The purposes of the church must also show up on the calendar.If they are not there, they will not succeed. Finally we should evaluate our church purposefully. Our standards should be set on how well we acquire our purposes. It is also quite important to recognize the significance of vision for the church. Vision is defined as my understanding of what God wants done in the place where he has placed me. If the vision of the pastor is not accepted by the majority of the congregation, it should probably be reevaluated. In some cases the church itself may be quite ill and not really understand what it needs. A slow movement in the direction is the only way to help such churches turn themselves around. Without a vision, the church has nothing to aspire to. As Proverbs 2918 says, Where there is no vision the people perish.A can be worn down over time if it lacks vision. Specific goals set for the church keep members active in their opinion and daily activities. Vi sion, like purpose, must be passed on to the congregation through passionate messages from the pastor. Such vision must also inspire the pastor to live accordingly as an example for his congregation. If the people dont know or understand the vision of the church and the pastor, then the pastor isnt doing a well enough job communicating it. Vision must not attempt to go beyond the reasonable means of the church. The gifts and talents of the pastor and the congregation limit the vision of a church. This factor of vision is just the first of nine factors that are nearly always present in growing churches.The second factor is evangelism. Because God intends his church to grow, all members of the church body are to be evangelists. Congregation must acknowledge that they have to go outside to evangelize, not sit comfortably within the walls of the church. Thirdly is the maturation factor. The church must develop leaders through the maturing of their faith. Fourth is the worship factor. Pe ople must know that worship is key to our faith, for we were created to worship God. Sjogrens Power Principle 7 states that your style is not the key to success, so although your church will be identified by your worship style, God comes into your midst, not because of worship style, but because black Maria are hungry for the presence of God. Fifth is the preaching factor.Preaching must be done in a way that leads the congregation to understand the faith of the pastor. Television and computers have changed the way people expect to be informed at church. According to Rainer, the unchurched want a pastor who is real and is a someone of conviction they want a good communicator and a good leader. Furthermore, they want to hear preaching that teaches the Bible and applies to their own individual lives. Leadership, giving, mission, and the birthing of new ideas fill out of the list of factors for church growth. Leaders must be strong and confident, giving must be done sacrificially, an d people must have a sphere view of missions.Turning attendees in members into ministers is the encompassing purpose in a churchs discipleship program. If members can be made who possess a serious passion for the lost, then a church is well-on its way to long-term success. In our recent trip to the Seattle area, we experienced several churches which had great outreach success. Mars Hill church was by far the most successful. It was obvious because of the size of the church (running c.500), as well as the specific focus and outreach. With hundreds of small groups and a target audience of 16-35, Mars Hill represents a successful outreaching church. Other churches showed their weaknesses within pastoral staff and mixed traditions as compared to the vision and purpose of the church.BibliographyHunter, George G. III. The Celtic Way of Evagelism. 2000, Abington Press, Nashville, Maddix, Mark. Class Lectures, Spring 2005. Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, McLaren, Brian D. More Ready Than You Realize. 2002, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, . Warren, Rick. Purpose Driven Church. 1995, Nelson Books, Nashville, TN.

Organizational Behavior in Criminal Justice Essay

Organizational behavior in a wrong referee billet is the way in which employees and their superiors interact amongst themselves and with one another both positively and negatively. Organizational behavior itself is the study of social conduct as it relates to the confines of a specific group. It is the study of how an individual or group interacts with one another and the ever-changings of the in-person relationships that evolve from that contact (Duan, Lam, Chen, & Zhong, 2010). The shifting paradigm trends describe by Schermerhorn, Hunt, and Osborn (2008) tail be used to delve further into the understanding of the organizational behavior that exists in most criminal justice agencies. The archetypical performance fall into one of seven categories commitment to ethical behavior, importance of human capital, demise of command-and-control, emphasis on team devise, pervasive influence of information technology, respect for peeled workforce expectations, and changing careers. Fr om these trends both positive and negative characteristics of criminal justice agencies can be identified.Commitment to ethical behavior Highly human beingsized scandals involving wrong and illegal business practices prompt concerns for ethical behavior in the workplace there is growing intolerance for breaches of public faith by organizations and those who run them (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008, para. 14). In criminal justice agencies ethical violations often are handled with little fan fair. Any level of impropriety introduced in the prying public eye can have innumerous repercussions. The loss of public support and trust can be a huge problem, but it affects the internal structure too. Depending on how more or less and swiftly the situation is handled determines whether or not those in charge gain or lose respect. Judgments will be passed on how the situation was controlled, and how it should have been dealt with. In delicate matters like this behaviors of retaliation an d accusations of bias are important to be kept at a minimum.Importance of human capital A dynamic and complex environment poses continuous challenges sustained success is earned through knowledge, experience, and commitments of people as valuable human assets of organizations (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008, para. 14). The workforce is the heart of a criminal justice agency. It should be the single most cherished asset. The appreciation of experience by an organization is vital. But more importantly the recognition, respect, and aspiration by sensitive members and seasoned is a must. This necessity recognizes a clear chain of command and model of training. Demise of command-and-control Traditional hierarchical structures are proving incapable of handling overbold environmental pressures and demands they are being replaced by flexible structures and participatory work settings that fully value human capital (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008, para. 14). Shared responsibility a nd the extinction of the because it has unendingly been done that way is a requirement in the modern criminal justice agency. It is being replaced by the attitude that the old way is not of all time the best way, and we all have a lot to learn from one another.While command still flows in one direction ideas can lift from anywhere. Emphasis on teamwork Organizations today are less vertical and more horizontal in focus driven by complex environments and customer demands, work is increasingly team based with a focus on peer contributions (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008, para. 14). In a criminal justice agency teamwork may have have common place, but improvements still need to be made in the area of information sharing. While no man is an island, neither is an agency. For the sake of public welfare resources need to be pooled. Pervasive influence of information technology As data processors penetrate all aspects of the workplace, implications for workflows, work arrangements, a nd organizational systems and processes are far-reaching (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008, para. 14). We are in the information technology age and the correct resources and know-how can be the deciding factor in the constant struggle between criminals and policing agencies.Increased educational and computer skills demands are needed to boost and preserve an advantage at any level of criminal justice agency. Respect for new workforce expectations The new propagation of workers is less tolerant of hierarchy, more informal, and less concerned round status organizations are paying more attention to helping members balance work responsibilities and personal affairs (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008, para. 14). While a certain amount of attention should be paid to new workforce expectations it is important not to compromise the integrity of the billet expectations. A balanced life should lead to a happy and relaxed employee who theoretically should also be more effective and effi cient in an effort to maintain employment in the desired environment.Employers must remain fair but also realize their top priority in the criminal justice field is not to ensure employee happiness. An employee who can balance work and a private life on his own should be a valuable commodity. changing careers The new realities of a global economy find employers using more offshoring and outsourcing of jobs more individuals are now working as independent contractors rather than as traditional full-time employees (Schermerhorn, Hunt, & Osborn, 2008, para. 14).In criminal justice agency this trend is no different. It is not uncommon for governments to hire private security firms and private corrections companies. However, by outsourcing such positions power is lost in the public sector. Monitoring a regulations create more work when dealing with outside policing forces. It also opens up a gray area for bad behavior and a hired gun mentality. While roles may be redefined privatization of criminal justice agencies can be more of a problem than a convenience. Study of workplace environments and the effects of the personnels behavior can only continue to bring about recognition of areas in need of improvement.Works CitedDuan, J., Lam, W., Chen, Z., & Zhong, J.A. (2010). Leadership justice, negative organizational behaviors, and the mediating effect of affective commitment. Social Behavior & Personality An International Journal, 38(9), 1287-1296. Retrieved from http//biere.louisiana.edu2092/ehost/detail?hid=17&sid=5d563aca-ec9a-43c49e42db48b73a6784%40sessionmgr4&vid=4&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=sih&AN=54018927Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N. (2008). Organizational Behavior. Available from https//ecampus.phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader.aspx.

Network Security Analysis Essay

This hold is concerned about internet warranter. It mentions about the present situation of cyberspace tribute and an analysis of the reason that lead to unsafe network environment. Then the article introduces two frequently handlingd chats protocols in network shelter HTTP (Hypertext carry Protocol) and HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over desexualise Socket Layer), then comp atomic go 18 them and give a brief conclusion. On the other side, the article introduces how firewall(a) protects network security in hardw ar aspects.Keywords Network warranter epitome Countermeasures1. Introduction As technology bring forths, network is getting more and more mature. It is kn take to all that security is the split second step after that a successful network has been deployed.1.1 Situation of Computer Network SecurityWith the rapid development of the Internet and the far-flung application, the number of in realiseation processing dodging viruses, Trojan horses is explosive growth. According to Jinshan drug gangsters cloud security center monitoring statistics show that in 2008, Jinshan drug gangsters were intercepted more and more new viruses, Trojans, which grew up 40% compargond with 2007. The center statistics also show that 90% of the virus infected users, this attachment web pages that humans are enjoying the network culture with the great wealth and convenient at the same time, also be the severe beset by problems of network information security.The lure of wealth that hackers attack is no perennial a kind of personal interest, but more and more become an organized, interest driven career crime. Its main means has online professor viruses, Trojan horses drudgery technology and various network attack technology Online exchange, trafficking and rental viruses, Trojan horses, zombie network Online customized viruses, Trojan horses Internet theft behavior (account Numbers game, cashbox accounts, QQ number, etc.), sell the trumpets Internet fraud and extortion Through the network business platform money laundering profit, etc. Attackers need technical level step by step decrease, means more flexible, joint attacks increase rapidly. Trojan viruses, Trojan virus writers, professional hack personnel, sales channels, professional players have been formed complete fair-haired(a) industrial chain.1.2 Threats to Computer Network SecurityThe threat to reckoner network security includes attacks by hackers and computer virus. It mostly presents in the following aspects.Firstly, send bull E-mails to users. It is a universal way to cheat the account and war cry by posing as legitimate websites. Secondly, damage ca utilise by viruses is also a leafy veget able-bodied phenomenon. For e.g. when virus gets into computer, it will cover our hard disk with useless data. Thirdly, its about unauthorized accessing. This principally refers to the normal use or oversteps their authority to use the network equipment and information resources . Fourthly, damage the integrity of the database. Fifthly, interfere with the normal running of the systems. Finally, communication lines are tapped and people are not familiar about asylum of network security. The first situation doesnt occur in putting green. However, awareness of maintain computer network security is really consequential.In the article, it mainly analyzes several(prenominal)(prenominal) common situations and introduces what the threat is and how it works.1.3 Countermeasures of Network SecurityAs network security has a lot of loopholes, people create a lot of methods to protect network. On the side of hardware, people begin to use firewall to protect network. On the side of software, a lot of tools and technologies have been use in this area, much(prenominal) as router filtering. The article introduces how firewall works and two similar protocols HTTP and HTTPS. By comparing these two protocols, we will find the development of technology.1.4 Importance of the Study of Network SecurityIts important for securing ones computer, remaining important data and profile information protected. Careful web surfing habits may keep you from being a victim of virus attacks and malware, nevertheless this is an intensely risky activity and very often people may end up with an infected computer. Some good anti-virus programs will help to keep your computer protected and safe, but users must(prenominal) remember to keep this updated regularly for better protection over new viruses.2. Related Work2.1 Network SecurityNetwork security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and password or other authenticating information that allows them access to information and programs within their authority. Network security covers a variety of computer networks, both general and private, that are used in everyday jobs conducting transactions and communications among businesses, government agencies and individuals. Networks place be private, such as within a company, and others which might be open to human beings access. Network security is involved in organizations, enterprises, and other types of institutions. It does as its title explains It rights the network, as well as protecting and overseeing operations being done. The most common and simple way of protecting a network resource is by assigning it a unique name and a corresponding password.2.2 ISO/OSI modelThe planetary Standards Organization (ISO) Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers of communications types, and the interfaces among them. (See Figure 1.) Each layer depends on the services provided by the layer on a lower floor i t, all the way down to the physical network hardware, such as the computers network interface card, and the wires that connect the cards together.People develop a lot of protocols to each layer. Such as PPTP/L2TP to linked layer, IPSEC to network layer, TLS/SSL to transfer layer. Each protocol includes security information that helps network transfer safer and safer.2.3 IPV4 protocolThe protocol contains a couple aspects which caused problems with its use. These problems do not all relate to security. They are mentioned to gain a comprehensive understanding of the internet protocol and its shortcomings. The causes of problems with the protocol are1. Address Space 2. Routing 3. Configuration 4. Security 5. Quality of ServiceThe lack of embedded security within the IPv4 protocol has led to the many attacks seen today. Mechanisms to secure IPv4 do exist, but there are no requirements for their use. IPsec is a specific mechanism used to secure the protocol. IPsec secures the packet payl oads by means of cryptology. IPsec provides the services of confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. This form of protection does not account for the skilled hacker who may be able to break the encryption method and obtain the key.2.4 Types and Sources of Network ThreatsDenial-of-Service, unauthorized access, penalize commands illicitly, confidentiality breaches and destructive behavior are common type of threats to network security.The sources of network threats include 3 aspects. Firstly, the invasion of bad information and pollution. Network is open, even b roveless pose information network of people in the rich cultural life, but also to the illegal dissemination of information or indecent information provided crap British Middlebury Seck Griffith University, Professor Di Mulai study found that in non-academic information on the Internet, 47% of pornography on These content without restriction for people feel informal to browse, not only naughtily jeopardize the heal th of young people, and poison the social atmosphere and hinder the building of a harmonious society in China.In addition, the networks openness and freedom are often some criminals use, or dissemination of endangering national security, to subvert the government, disrupting social order and security of information, or information network organizing rallies and other anti-social activities. Secondly, Internet hackers and computer crime. Hacker wanton rampage information networks, technology and the consequences of its invasion of escalating their use of technical means, or attacks on government sites or military organizations Web site and endanger national security interests, undermine government image or steal business, financial institutions, business information to profit illegally, endangering the economic order or steal personal confidential information, violation of privacy or stolen cash.These acts seriously impede the normal operation of information networks. In addition to outside hackers the use of the Internet, the rampant crime and tort. The use of computer information network system to implement theft, fraud or corruption, embezzlement and other crimes than the traditional criminal methods and tools more subtle complexity, and violation of trade secrets with the network, electronic communications freedoms, civil privateness and damage the reputation of others and other events are also frequent. Online pyramid schemes, online fraud, etc. These crimes have been on the network posed a serious threat to network security. Thirdly, the existence of their own network security vulnerabilities and risks.Freedom to share and open spirit of the Internet, but also the charm of the Internet The Internet is based on TCP / IP protocol, network devices, operating systems with networking capabilities and openness about the existence inherent vulnerability In addition, the software in the design, it is inevitable there are some defects or flaws, which has become a prime target for hackers, while software programmers deliberately left the back door has become a major(ip) network security risks network These weaknesses of their own existence, to bring the work of anti-hacker considerable difficulty on the one hand difficult for scientists to develop a common and effective network security for the protection of technical means on the other hand the lack of implementation of these measures sufficient to protect the social environment.3. Methods 3.1 Analysis of Network SecuritySystem and network technology is a key technology for a wide variety of applications. Security is crucial to networks and applications. Although, network security is a critical requirement in emerging networks, there is a significant lack of security methods that can be easily implemented.There exists a communication gap surrounded by the developers of security technology and developers of networks. Network design is a well-developed process that is based on the Open System s Interface (OSI) model. The OSI model has several advantages when designing networks. It offers modularity, flexibility, ease-of-use, and standardization of protocols. The protocols of different layers can be easily combined to create stacks which allow modular development. The implementation of individual layers can be changed later without making other adjustments, allowing flexibility in development. In contrast to network design, secure network design is not a well-developed process. There isnt a methodology to manage the complexity of security requirements. Secure network design does not contain the same advantages as network design.When considering network security, it must be emphasized that the whole network is secure. Network security does not only concern the security in the computers at each end of the communication chain. When transmitting data the communication channel should not be vulnerable to attack. A possible hacker could target the communication channel, obtain the data, decrypt it and re-insert a false message. Securing the network is just as important as securing the computers and encrypting the message.When developing a secure network, the following need to be considered1. Access authorized users are provided the means to communicate to and from aparticular network.2. Confidentiality Information in the network remains private.3. Authentication Ensure the users of the network are who they say they are4. justness Ensure the message has not been modified in transit5. Non-repudiation Ensure the user does not refute that he used the networkHere we mainly discuss fake websites.Fake websites means phishing. Phishing is attempting to acquire information (and sometimes, indirectly, money) such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a accepted entity in an electronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online wages processors or IT administrators are com monly used to lure the trustful public. Phishing is typically carried out by e-mail spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to deceive users, and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies. Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures.Once a victim visits the phishing website, the deception is not over. Some phishing scams use JavaScript commands in order to alter the address bar. This is done either by placing a picture of a legitimate URL over the address bar, or by finis the original address bar and opening a new one with the legitimate URL.An attacker can even use flaws in a swear websites own scripts against the victim. These types of attacks (known as cross-site scri pting) are particularly problematic, because they direct the user to sign in at their bank or services own web page, where everything from the web address to the security certificates appears correct. In reality, the link to the website is crafted to carry out the attack, making it very difficult to spot without specialist knowledge. Just such a flaw was used in 2006 against PayPal.A Universal Man-in-the-middle (MITM) Phishing Kit, discovered in 2007, provides a simple-to-use interface that allows a phisher to convincingly reproduce websites and capture log in details entered at the fake site.To avoid anti-phishing techniques that scan websites for phishing-related text, phishers have begun to use Flash-based websites. These look much like the real website, but hide the text in a multimedia object.3.2 Firewalls ProtectionA firewall can either be software-based or hardware-based and is used to help keep a network secure. Its capital objective is to control the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analyzing the data packets and determining whether it should be allowed through or not, based on a predetermined rule set. A networks firewall builds a brigade between an internal network that is assumed to be secure and trusted, and another network, commonly an external (inter)network, such as the Internet, that is not assumed to be secure and trusted.In general, some functions that can be done by the firewall are 1. Doing a packet filter firewall can make the decision whether to accept or reject the incoming data packets. 2. Hiding Network Address (NAT) IP addresses can be used on the internet is a public IP. So to create a client that uses private IP can be translated into public IP. These functions are performed by a firewall, known as NAT. 3. Monitoring and Logging to improve network security and logging on the terms monitoring by a firewall.3.3 Protocols of Network SecurityNetwork security protocols are used to protect computer data and communication in tra nsit. The primary tool used to protect information as it travels across a network is cryptography. Cryptography uses algorithms to encrypt data so that it is not readable by unauthorized users. Generally, cryptography works with a set of procedures or protocols that manage the exchange of data between devices and networks. Together, these cryptographic protocols enhance secure data transfer.Without cryptographic network security protocols, Internet functions such as e-commerce would not be possible. Secure communication is necessary because attackers try to eavesdrop on communications, modify messages in transit, and hijack exchanges between systems. Some of the tasks networks security protocols are commonly used to protect are file transfers, Web communication, and Virtual Private Networks (VPN).The most common method of transferring files is victimization File Transfer Protocol (FTP). A problem with FTP is that the files are sent in clear text, meaning that they are sent unencrypt ed and therefore able to be compromised. For example, many webmasters update their sites using FTP an attacker using a packet sniffer and the websites IP address can intercept all communications between the webmaster and the sites server.Here we mainly discuss two similar protocols HTTP and HTTPS.The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the terra firma Wide Web.Hypertext is a multi-linear set of objects, building a network by using logical links (the so called hyperlinks) between the nodes (e.g. text or words). HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext.The standards development of HTTP was coordinated by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs), most notably RFC 2616 (June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common use.Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) with the SSL/TLS protocol. It provides encrypted communication to prevent eavesdropping and to securely identify the web server with which you are actually communicating. Historically, HTTPS connections were primarily used for payment transactions on the World Wide Web, e-mail and for sensitive transactions in corporate information systems. In the late 2000s and early 2010s, HTTPS began to see widespread use for protecting page authenticity on all types of websites, securing accounts and keeping user communications, identity and browsing history private.

Privacy of Electronic Medical Records

A attend related wellness c atomic number 18 organization with staff to persevering ration of 1100 put forward be described as acutely understaffed. This is a scenario where nurses and doctors ar allocated more patients than they can handle efficiently. It puts patients at a danger of getting worse medically or even dying.This is a event where drug errors, diagnosis and other medical errors are likely to occur. Due to nurse attrition they may leger wrong findings and measurements because of pressure to accomplish certain goals within limited time. In around cases understaffed organizations hold up lack of technological input where it is manifested by use of forthdated methods of.In a case where a hospital is understaffed, communication among doctors and other staff in such(prenominal) a hospital is poor thus jumper cable to capers that have a ripple effect nature in the running of the institution. Administrative functions are hampered because most of the duties have to be executed manually.The quality of health anxiety is very poor because every patient is not given the proper personal attention that they require because other patients will be waiting for the physician that is attending to him or her. Lack of accuracy in writing medical records is commonplace for such an institution because writing the nurture manually can make someone feel worn out at some point and result in erratic writing.Another cause for errors is the fact that some of the prescriptions or diagnoses are done in illegible handwriting giving a hard time to those who are supposed to act on them.Patients mortality and morbidity rate is therefore high as a result. Due to the large number of patients that have to be attended to by one nurse, a problem of retrieval of medical information of the patients becomes a hectic task because files have to be searched manually.This puts patients who need urgent treatment at a risk because time may be lost in nerve-wracking to allocate th eir personal information which normally has their medical history and forms the basis on which the physicians act. In addition to this the files may be dilapidated because of wear and tear making the information blurred and illegible, and some of the materials could overly get misplaced and scattered all over. All these problems summed up, lead to poor co-ordination in the hospital as well as inefficiencies in the administration.Information technology is indispensable in any health organization because harmonise to Jack Duncan it facilitates health care that is of high quality and is cost effective.Through electronic Medical Records, Once a patient visits the hospital they give their personal information and on diagnosis of their ailment, findings are recorded against the information as well as other details like prescriptions and orders to other health institutions. This technology ensures accuracy, clearcutness and completeness. It is the same development that enables the crea tion of reminders and alerts for practitioners to administer drugs to patients thereby saving lives.Electronic Medical records are advantageous in that with consent from patients, other health providers have access to their medical records. The advantage of having such a situation is that a patient is attended to in time since less time is used in finding out his or her medical history regardless of which health institution he or she has attended. approximately patients call in hospital too sick to talk or are even unconscious but once some basic information is known about them like their identification, the physician goes counterbalance ahead with treatment without having to interview them.Electronic medical records are kept by health organizations for reference and must(prenominal) be kept securely. It is a statutory requirement under state and federal laws for every health organization to keep them protected from access by unauthorized people (Barrows, Randolph and Clayton, P aul. 1996).The security is for the protection of patients from victimization by employers because of certain health conditions or by their insurers. Disclosure of patients confidential information is capable of jeopardizing the equity of the organization involved on account of defamation, medical malpractice and subjection of patients to emotional distress (Bennett, Bob. 1995).A health care organization therefore has the legal obligation to provide security for any confidential medical information. Physicians are also not allowed to have access to a patients medical record without their consent. Electronic technology enhances efficiency in the storage of medical records as well as accessibility.

Notes for Nursing Eyes and Ear

Chapter 51 and 52- Understanding the Sensory System- Med Surgical- EYES External affectionateness structures warmnesslids-protective c everywhere for thr orb * Has a thin transp arnt membrane c every last(predicate)ed conjunctiva snapperlashes-keep dust out of look Each nerve centrelid has a lacrimal gland at the upper outter corner of the affectionatenessb either Question how do divide come in front of the eyeball? A small ducts bring tears to the front and blinking help feast the tears over the surface Q what enzyme inhibits the growth of bacteria on the surface of the eyeball?A tears have enzymes called lysosome How to collect tears? Tears from Lacrimal canalsdrain into lacrimal sac nasolacrimal ductnasal cavities Question How do we do a nursing taskment of the eyes? Answer Inspect and palpate of the external eye familiar Anatomy of the Eye Eyeball Layers Outer Sclera midriff Choroid privileged Retina Choroid mold Prevents glare Ciliary Body Circular Muscle changes the shape of lens Circular Iris Dilates, Constricts schoolchild Eyeball Cavities Vitreous Humor Holds Retina in PlaceAqueous Humor Nourishes Lens/Cornea Retina Lines Posterior Eyeball Contains Rods (Light) black and egg white Cones (Color) for Vision Fovea Most Acute Color VisionOptic Nerve Transmit Image Color art * Retina Lines Posterior Eyeball, Problem with * Cones (Color) for Vision * Usually can not escort emblazons red, green, blue or a mix of these colors. * Mostly men * Genetic predisposition Internal Eye The retina is a sensitive layer at the back of the eye that covers about 65 percent of its interior surface.Photosensitive cells called rods and cones in the retina convert incident perch energy into signals that are carried to the brain by the optic nerve. In the middle of the retina is a small dimple called the fovea or fovea cardinalis. It is the center of the eyes sharpest vision and the location of most color perception. Eye Movements There are 6 intrinsic muscles that moves the eyeball are attached to the orbil and outter surface of the eyeball The cranial nerves that innervate these muscles are * Oculomotor 3rd * Trochlear 4rth * Abducens6th EYEBALL has 3 layers . Outter brawny tunic( sclera and cornea) -sclera- white part of the eye/cornea- no capilliaries and 1st part refract light rays 2. Middle vascular tunic(choroid, ciliary body, and iris) * Choroid=has BV and dark pigment melanin(prevent glare)/anterior of chroid is mmodified into ciliary body and iris 3. Inner nervoous tunic (Retina) * Lines 2/3of eyeball, has rods and cones, photoreceptors, fovea= whole see color b/c only has cones. * Rods are more abundant toward periphery vision see best at night at attitude of visual field breast feeding Assessment forCranial Nerves of the eyes by eye movements Physiology of Vision * Involves counsel of Light Rays on Retina and transmission of Subsequent Nerve Impulses to Visual Areas of Cerebral Cortex * Light rays affect the reti na, it stimulates chemical RX in rods and cones. Retinal( a receptor) bonds to a protein called a opsin. In rods, the light rays stimulate the breakdown of visual purple into opsin and retinal resulting to chemical changes and generates a nerve impulse for transmission. Cones have a similar RX that binds situate. care for Assessment of the eye and visual status * Peripheral vision/by confrontation how far you can follow the light while looking straight. decreases as age increases * Visual Fields- * Full peripheral fields * Movements in all 6 cardinal fields of gaze * Corneal light reflex test ( light is at the identical place in both learners) * Cover test- steady gaze ** Also test with Snellens chart- articulate from smallest letter to biggest. 20/20- the vision is normal 20/70visual impairmentit takes the eye 70 ft to read what a normal eye is able to 20/200legal unreasoningness * THE E chartpt that has literacy problemsask to indicate what direction E shape figure. Muscle Balance and Eye movement Instruct pt to look straight ahead(predicate) and follow examiners finger w/o moving head. Examiner moves finger in the 6 cardinal fields of gaze, coming back to to each one point of origin between each field of gaze * Patient follow examiner finger w/o nystagmus(involuntary rapid movements of the eyes vertical, horizontal, or rotary) pt have adequate extraocular muscle strength and innervations Corneal reflex test assess muscle balanceshine penlight toward cornea while pt stare straight ahead.The light reflection should be at the same place for both pupils Cover Test- evaluate muscle balance Pupilary inborn reflex PEARRL- Pupils, equate, Round, and, Reactive, to Light PERRLA- Pupils equal sharpshoot reactive to light accommodation Pupils should constrict when pen light is shownconsensual response Test for ACCOMONDATIONability of pupil answer to far and come near distances. * Pt, focus on object that is far awayexaminer observe coat and shape of pu pil 5 inches away * Pt focus on near object examiner observe size and shape of pupil 5 inches away * NORMAL= eyes turn inward and pupil constrictInternal Eye Examination * Only for advanced practitioner * LPN explains procedurePt should hold head still looking at a distant object. The instrument called opthalmoscope will maginify structure of eye to see internally. The bright light susceptibility be uncomfortable for the pt * Intraocular Pressure- tonometer testing using a puff of air to indent cornea and rhythm pressure. Above normal range whitethorn indicate glaucoma Diagnostic Tests for the EYE Culture- ordered when exudate from eye are present/rule out infection * Fluorescein Angiography- Asses for dye allergies B4 starting/ fluorescence dye scoot into venous system * Electroretinography- evaluate difference of electrical potential between cornea and retina in response to wavelengths and intensities/ opposition electrode on eye to check rods and cones * Ultrasonography- eye i nstill with anesthesia drops, and perform ultrasound with transducer probe/ design by sound * Radiologic Test- Xray, CT, MRI to view bone and tissue around eye * Digital Imaging- take digital pictures of retina in 2 seconds/ eyes dont carry to be dilated VISUAL national ABNORMALBILITIES A. Normal vision B. Diabetic Neuropathy C. Cataracts-blurry D. Macular degeneration- cant see middle E. Advanced Glaucoma- can only see middle AMSLER GRID Q What are we testing? Used to identify cardinal vision distortions and blind spots * If you can see the middle dot in the grid then you pass Nursing Assessment of the Eyes- SUBJECTIVE DATA * Family History * Glaucoma * Diabetes General Health * Trauma to Eyes * Medications * Data on Visual alertness * Double Vision * Difficulty see things near? Far? Visual Acuity * Snellens Chart/E Chart/Rosenbaum * Visual Impairment 20/70 * (You must be at 20 feet to see what a normal person sees at 70 feet) * Legal blindness 20/200 or Less with Correcti on Question A patient is diagnosed with a refractive error and asks the nurse what this mean. What would be the appropriate explanation by the nurse? A You will need corrective lenses in order to see clearly RERACTOR ERRORS Bending light rays as they enter the eye 1. Emmetropia Normal Vision A. Hyperopia FarsightednessEyeball is too short, causing image to focus beyond the eyeball (Can see objects far away) B. Corrected with convex lense C. Myopia Nearsightedness (can see near objects) D. Corrected myopia * Astigmatism Unequal Curvatures in Cornea * Presbyopia Loss of Lens snap Normal aging afterwards age 40 become- farsighted Astigmatic Mirror If you a typical astigmatic, you may see the lines near the horizontal are clearer and darker than the lines vertically. You may also find the lines near the horizontal are spaced further apart and the vertical spaced closer together. You might also find the inner circle in not quite round. Nursing Assessment for the EYE * Usually test for children Corneal Light Reflex * To test for lazy eye or strabismus * A condition in which the visual axes of the eyes are not parallel and the eyes appear to be looking in different directions. Nursing Assessment of the eye OBJECTIVE DATA * Pupillary Reflex * Pupil size ___ mm * PERRLA? * Pupils * Equal * Round * Reactive to * Light and * Accomodation * Consensual? reaction of both pupils when only one eye is describe to change in light intensity EYES CHANGE AS WE AGE * Decreased Elasticity of Lens Presbyopia * Difficult peripheral vision Narrowed visual field * Decreased pupil size and response to light * Poor night vision * Sensitivity to glare Yellow lens harder to differentiate colors * Distorted or poor depth perception * Decreased lacrimal secretions or tears Eye Health Promotion Regular Eye Examinations Nutrition for eye health * Eye Protection * Safety goggles * Sunglasses * suspend eye strain from computer use * fete contact lenses clean * Eye hygiene is hand hygie ne * Eye irrigation INFECTIONS AND INFLAMMATION 1. Conjunctivitis tip EYE * Inflamed conjunctiva * Cause virus, bacteria, or allergic RX * S/Sx red conjunctiva, crusting exudate, itchy or flagitious eyes, excessive tearing * Tx Antibiotic drops or ointments 2. Blepharitis- inflammation of the palpebra margins, chronic inflammatory process 3.Hordeolum- lid infection due to staph abscess in the sebaceous gland at base of eyelash 4. Chalazin- eyelid infection2nd type of abscess form in connective tissue of eyelid 5. Keratitis- inflammation of cornea Blindness- complete or near absence of the sense of light aka visually Impaired * Types include Glaucoma and Cataracts GLAUCOMA Pathophysiology abnormal pressure in the eye causing damage to the optic nerve Most common Primary (primary open-angle vs. acute angle-closure glaucoma) * Secondary caused by infections, tumors, or trauma * Third kind congenital Risk factors family hx, African-American race Signs and Symptoms Acute angle-closu re one-party and rapid onset severe pain, blurred vision, rainbows around lights, nausea and vomiting * Primary open-angle bilateral and dilatory onset, no pain, aching eyes, headache, halos around lights, visual changes not corrected by eyeglasses * Early maculation may require tx to PREVENT optic nerve damage during asymptomatic period. Medications/Prescriptions * Cholinergic agents (miotics) * Cause pupil constriction * Isopto (carbachol) * Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors * Slow production of sedimentary fluid * Diamox (acetazolamide) * Adrenergic agonists * Slow production of aqueous fluid * Propine (dipivefrin) * Beta blockers * Slow production of aqueous fluid * Timoptic (timolol) * procedure, if treatment is not successful. CATARACTS * Pathophysiology opacity in the lens that can cause loss of vision light cant get by to the retina * Ultraviolet rays damage lenses over time. S/sx painless, halos around lights, difficulty reading fine print, difficulty seeing in bright ligh t, sensitivity to glare, double vision, hazy vision, decreased ability to see colors * Tx Surgery surgical removal of clouded lens and replacement or accommodation with special eyeglasses or contact lenses Pt Teaching after Cataract Surgery * Make sure you make arrangements for a ride. * You may need to instill eye drops or take pills to help healing and to control pressure inside your eye. * You will need to wear an eye shield or eyeglasses to help protect the eye. * Avoid rubbing or pressing on your eye. * Try not to bend or lift saturnine objects because bending increases pressure in the eye. * You can walk, climb stairs, and do light household chores. Macular Degeneration Pathophysiology Its age relatedleading cause of visual impairment in US adults older than age 50 * knock off in the maculaarea where retina light rays converge for sharp, central vision, needed for reading and seeing small objects * 2 types of ARMD * change (atrophic) photoreceptors on the macula fail to fun ction and arent replaced secondary to advancing age * Wet (exudative) retinal tissue degenerates allowing vitreous fluid or blood into subretinal space new blood vessels form - subretinal oedema - scar tissue * LIMITED CENTRAL VISION ironic cellular debris accumulate undersurface retina Wet blood vessels grow behind the retina Without treatment the retina can become detached * S/sx Dry slow, progressive vision loss of central and near vision * Wet sudden onset of central and near vision, blurred vision, distortion of straight lines, dark or empty spot in the central field of vision * Tx * Dry no treatment * Wet argon laser photocoagulation EYE MEDICATIONS ophthalmic antibiotics * Bacitracin * Erythromycin Cholinergic agents (miotics) * Carbachol * Pilocarpine Beta blockers timolol NURSING CARE * Post a sign over bed or door that identifies the patients visual status * Identify and announce yourself as you enter the room and leave the room * Ask the patient, Is there anything I c an do for you? * orientate the pt to the room Keep objects in the same location on the bedside table at all times per patient preference. * Explain procedures before you begin * Tell the pt what you are doing before you interrupt them * At mealtime, explain location of food like the hands of a clock (your milk is at 2 oclock) * Keep call light within reach Do not dawdle with the Seeing Eye dog that is working * Teach patient how to properly administer eye drops and/or ointment. * Teach patients to get regular eye examinations. * Allow patients to talk about their anxiety and fear. * When ambulating with the patient place the patients hand on your elbow. * Assist blind patient with objects such as audio recording books or watch with audio.