Trade Policy and the European Union Free Essay Example, 5250 words

In Commission v UK the UK government banned the import of certain poultry products for the reason that such imports endangered public health and therefore was against public policy. The ECJ held that the UK should have explored the several other less restrictive options available to it. According to the principle of mutual recognition, any product that was manufactured and sold as per the extant EU Regulations and Standards in that Member State cannot be rejected. Meat is sold from vans in the French countryside. France made it mandatory for such mobile van meat sellers to have permanent establishments in France, in order to permit regular public health inspections. Since Maxwell's shop is located in Germany he cannot sell meat from his mobile shop in France. In the Factortame case, the Spanish company Factortame was prohibited from conducting its commercial activities in British waters because it was using Spanish vessels registered as British vessels. After a long and tortuous pas sage through the various UK courts, the ECJ set aside the UK legislation and held that this company could continue its commercial activities in UK waters. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Policy and the European Union or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Therefore, the insistence of the French authorities that every mobile van seller of meat in France should have a permanent establishment within the country violates Article 28 of the EC Treaty as it would not be justifiable in terms of consumer protection.

Personality Characteristics And Characteristics Of...

Personality, according to the American Psychological Association, â€Å"refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One understands individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other area understands how the various parts of a person come together as a whole.† (Kumari, 2015). There are layers to every individual’s way of thinking and interacting with the world that are defined by their experiences and their innate characteristics. These characteristics are displayed in every aspect of a person’s life. The personality is a fingerprint people instinctively leave when completing everyday tasks as well as dealing with others. A person’s behavior can become predictable because of the consistency of the pattern of characteristics and actions the person displays. A person disposition, forces them to be who they truly are and to live a life with accomplishments that reflect their views on the world (Goodarzi, 2015). When determining personality, there are five approaches which researchers focus on to determine one’s personality. The first approach is the trait approach which concentrates on the individual differences and the unique organization of the adaptations to the environment determined by the psychological systems. Gordon Allport, a trait psychologist, believes the development of traits supports a personologicalShow MoreRelatedThe Personality Characteristics Of Personality2513 Words   |  11 Pagesnotion of personality can be defined as a specific set of organised characteristics that influence a person’s everyday actions. These actions are guided by different motives and cognitive processes causing the large range of behaviours in a person. Each person’s characteristics are unique and come together to create an individual personal identity (Burger, 2011). Therefore a personality is subjective to each individual person, it is these unique characteristics that make i t so. Characteristics such asRead MorePersonality Characteristics1455 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality Characteristics Saundra Moskoff PSYCH 504 November 21, 2011 Angela J.W. Steele, Psy. D. Personality Characteristics People differ from one another not only in physical appearance but also psychologically. An individual’s persona is a mixture of life span experiences in addition to genetic characteristics (Cervone Pervin, 2010). Saundra Moskoff focused on three personality traits: self-esteem, autonomy, and sociability, and examined how the characteristics developed during herRead MoreCharacteristics And Characteristics Of Personality1065 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction A persons’ personality refers to their way of thinking, behavior, and feelings. It is determined based on five basic pillars: agreeableness, extraversion, openness to new experiences, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. Through these pillars, it is possible to determine an individuals’ personality profile, which may be used to predict their behavior, relationships and other outcomes in life. The traits also determine someone’s personal profile, their work experiences, physical andRead MorePersonality Characteristics Of Personality Traits1235 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality characteristics Introduction Personality psychologists define personality as the psychological traits that contribute to an individual’s enduring and distinctive patterns of feelings, thinking, and behavior, (Cervone Pervin, 2013). Now, this statement can denote that personality might be somehow fixed. Perhaps the most obligatory questions to ask in this regards are: is personality inherited or acquired. Can individual’s personality be altered? For decades, these and many other questionsRead MorePersonality Characteristics Of A Personality Assessment1100 Words   |  5 PagesCoworker Personality Assessment Within my current organization, I have had a direct experience with an individual who has personality characteristics of substantial variance from my own. For this essay, I shall refer coworker as Bob. To understand Bob’s beliefs and motivators, I will identify Bob’s personality traits using the â€Å"Big Five† model. The â€Å"Big Five† model consists of five factors; Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience (RobbinsRead MoreCharacteristics And Characteristics Of A Personality Disorder1460 Words   |  6 Pagespsychopathy or some form of mental illness or disorder. Our textbook states the â€Å"the term psychopathy â€Å"refers to a very specific and distinctive type of psychopathology†-a personality disorder characterized by antisocial behavior and a lack of feelings, especially empathy for or sensitivity to others . There are some biological characteristics such as traumatic events or abuse that turn in to psychiatric issues or defects to a person’s body that can cause criminal activity. These are some of the problemsRead MorePersonality Characteristics And Personality Traits1691 Words   |  7 PagesPart 1: Personality Characteristics and Motivation Character/Personality Traits: After Interviewing Tanseer, I got some really useful insights about her overall personality and how she became an entrepreneur. In her opinion, some of the entrepreneurial skills that she acquired over the time were the main reason behind her success. Throughout the beginning phase of the interview she stressed on the importance of Perseverance skills as being utmost important when launching an entrepreneurial ventureRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Personality Disorder1707 Words   |  7 PagesPsychopathy is condition in which an individual has a wide array of negative personality traits. The trait that stands out the most is that they enjoy the suffering of others, as well as compulsively, and very skillfully, lying to others. Also, their sense of superficial charm causes people to gravitate toward them. Psychopaths are also known for their lack of general remorse and empathy for any wrongdoings they may commit. They are known to deny responsibility for actions they commit, as well a sRead MoreExternal Characteristics Of Personality1044 Words   |  5 PagesPersonality consists of different traits that each individual embodies. Each personality is composed of a diverse variety of traits and characteristics that are influenced by our environment, upbringing, experiences, and personal attributes we have attained throughout our lives. These are examples of both external and internal characteristics. External characteristics include the environment and surroundings an individual is amerced in. Internal characteristics include traits such as introversionRead MorePersonality Characteristics Of Personality Traits1043 Words   |  5 Pagesthe textbook, it describes how to define personality. There is no single definition of the word personality. That is because it is used in so many different ways, and because one word describing someone’s personality can be interpreted many different ways. For example, if you describe yourself as a â€Å"happy person†, that could mean something different to another person who also describes themselves as â€Å"happy†. Your personality is an arrangement of personality traits that describe a consistent style

American Company And The First Coffeehouse â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The American Company And The First Coffeehouse? Answer: Introducation Starbucks is an American coffee company and the first coffeehouse was developed in Washington in 1971. After that, it has approximately 24,000 coffee shops and coffeehouses across the globe. In Australia only, it has around 27 stores including in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. Starbucks serves numerous types of coffee and along with the coffee, beverages and other food items are also serves in Starbucks. This place is being visited by all age groups people. Starbucks is famous for quality of coffee which they provide to its customers (Schultz, 2012) Flow chart example of Starbucks Front End In the front end stage of Starbucks, customers are given priority as they are the main component of Starbucks' business. The caf is operating its activities and functionalities on the basis of self service. After entering the caf, the infrastructure of the caf is well defined; due to which it becomes easier for the customer to opt for their menu as it is displayed above the order counter. The caf is found overcrowded and in some scenarios, long queues are also observed around the caf (Wilson, et. al., 2012). For placing the orders, the customers are supposed to head towards the order counter where the digitalised menu is presented. After making the order, customer is required to make the payment. Various payment methods have been provided at the counter, after doing so, the customers can enjoy their meals in the sitting area. As presented in the right corner of the flow chart, the white block is indicating the speciality of the caf i.e. coffee. Apart from coffee, they also serve snacks and main course dishes too. Consumers can also place the order for deserts as Starbucks is known for serving best quality ice creams and deserts. At exit points, consumers are also asked to give reviews in relevance with their services offered. After having coffee and other meals, guests may leave the table or they could also spend some time in the caf only (Huotari Hamari, 2012) Back End Following is the back end flowchart of Starbucks activities: Source: By Author Back end process includes all those activities which are performed in the back stage i.e. activities performed on the back side of the operation area. Back end staff plays an empirical role in offering high quality services to the customers. Lot of people and their hard work is get involved in this process. Back end process of Starbucks includes housekeeping under which premises of the caf is kept neat and clean. All the activities in relation with the staff are performed under human resource management, their salary; bonus, etc. are included under this department. Apart from these operations, the crucial element of the organization is maintaining quality of the products and services, as Starbucks is known for its coffee's quality and taste across the globe, hence; organization needs to maintain that taste to satisfy the consumer's requirements. Along with these activities, staff documentation and post operation activities such as cleanliness and administrative activities are perform ed (Krishnamurthy, SivaKumar Sellamuthu, 2010). Significance of Service Encounter The main concern of the service industry is to evaluate the methods to make the customers' experience better. As customers is the reason for the success of the organization. And in the scenario of Starbucks, customers are kept on the priority so that organization could achieve adequate success and growth. The effectiveness of the service offered by Starbucks could be evaluated on various service encounters basis. Customers experience should be converted into an unforgettable experience to prove the organizational services impact on the customers (Udo, Bagchi Kirs, 2010). All those areas which are crucial in terms of improving the customers experience should be adopted. Best and effective way for implementing this strategy is to evaluate the review given by customers. For proving the impact of service encounter in real life situation, Starbucks has made the strategy of making customers feel luxurious and important through delivering high quality goods and services. Service encounters help the business organization to perform their activities in an adequate and effective manner to enhance the service quality. These encounters do affect the activities of business as well as they also determine the negative aspects of the business (Chang, Chen Lan, 2013). Managerial Implication Organization i.e. Starbucks needs to evaluate the best possible way to attain adequate success and growth. This also helps the organization to perform in the competitive business environment. Across the world there are a lot of international as well as local coffee shops and cafes are available, still, Starbucks has established its strong position in the global market (Ugbomhe Dirisu, 2011). This is due to the adaptation of effective and appropriate strategy in relevance with the organizational structure. Service industrys biggest achievement is their customer satisfaction and this could be provided through practicing adequate and effective strategies within the workplace. Service industry's services are compared with the economic values. Most of the customers compare the price of the service with the feeling generated from the availing of the particular service. Hence, an organization needs to perform in such a manner where they could enhance the consumers' satisfaction at its best . Customers should not be given any chance for complaining in relevance with the services offered by the organization. In the scenario of Starbucks, coffee which is the best product provided by this caf and along with the coffee, lot of services are provided to customers, such as treatment of customer while entering the premises of caf, providing hygienic sitting arrangements, etc. All these actions form the success path for the organization as well as it also motivates the organization to enhance its service qualities as well as other relevant factors to provide better services to its customers (Cannoy Cannoy, 2010). For providing appropriate services, an organization needs to adopt the certain set of strategies to which it can enhance its working procedures and could build an effective image in the global market. The implication of these strategies also forms the source of Return on Investment (ROI). All the decision should be taken in relevance with the customers' perception to follow the adequate path otherwise results could be generated in the negative manner (Hajli, 2014). In relevance to the service industry, evaluation of Starbucks strategies defines that they work as per the requirements of their customers. The services offered by Starbucks as a brand and services provided by other restaurants and cafes show the difference. This shows the effectiveness of advanced and unique strategies adopted by the organization. To achieve more growth and expansion in rest countries of the world, Starbucks needs to maintain its products as well as its services quality. References Cannoy, S.D. Salam, A.F., 2010, A framework for health care information assurance policy and compliance", Communications of the ACM,53(3), pp.126-131. Chang, C.S., Chen, S.Y. Lan, Y.T., 2013, Service quality, trust, and patient satisfaction in interpersonal-based medical service encounters,BMC health services research,13(1), p.22. Hajli, M.N., 2014, A study of the impact of social media on consumers,International Journal of Market Research,56(3), pp.387-404. Huotari, K. Hamari, J., 2012, Defining gamification: a service marketing perspective, InProceeding of the 16th International Academic MindTrek Conference(pp. 17-22). ACM. Krishnamurthy, R., SivaKumar, M.A.K. Sellamuthu, P., 2010, Influence of service quality on customer satisfaction: Application of SERVQUAL model,International Journal of Business and Management,5(4), p.117. McKenzie-Mohr, D., 2011,New society publishers, Fostering sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing. Schultz, H., 2012.Pour your heart into it: How Starbucks built a company one cup at a time. Hachette UK. Udo, G.J., Bagchi, K.K. Kirs, P.J., 2010, An assessment of customerse-service quality perception, satisfaction and intention,International Journal of Information Management,30(6), pp.481-492. Ugbomhe, O.U. Dirisu, A.B., 2011, Organizational structure: Dimensions, determinants and managerial implication,Internafional Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment,2(2), pp.10-18. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V.A., Bitner, M.J. Gremler, D.D., 2012,McGraw Hill, Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm.

Reaction Paper on “Immortality on Ice” Essay Example

Reaction Paper on â€Å"Immortality on Ice† Essay The movie that we watched was about reviving a person from the dead. This is said to be done in the future but they had already started researching how to use ice as a power to revive a clinically dead person. They used ice as a method to preserve a body and now they are planning on how to revive a person through the use of nanotechnology that can repair all the cells that were ruptured n the freezing process. The technology that they were referring in the movie is called Cryonics. This Cryonics would enable a man to prolong his life and at the same time be able to revive himself in certain conditions. As a technology, it also has technological system which various aspects. The first aspect is the techniques or human activity-form. In the Cryonics, it was seen on how people preserved a dead body. In Egypt, the dead people were mummified and preserved in order to reach the second life. In Cryonics, they also want to follow this ritual or activity. They want to preserved a dead body in order to revive it and not for the preparation of the afterlife. With this technology, they can prolong the life of a person or they can make people â€Å"immortal†. The technique that they will use in technology is the power of ice to preserve a dead body. Their example is a frog that was frozen to dead and was still able to revive itself when the ice melted. The second aspect of the technological system is resources, tools, or materials. In studying Cryonics and to further develop its technology, they are using dead bodies that are stored in a freezing apparatus that has liquid nitrogen to preserve a body. All the tools that they will be using are located in their laboratories. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on â€Å"Immortality on Ice† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on â€Å"Immortality on Ice† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper on â€Å"Immortality on Ice† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their tools and apparatus would enable them to further study and analyze their research on how to revive a frozen dead body. The third aspect is the technological products and artifacts. In the technological system, the products that were created by different techniques were called artifacts. This can also serve as resources in some technological process. The artifacts in the Cryonics are the new life or the prolonged life that would be possessed by a human when he undergoes the technological techniques that were used in Cryonics. Although there is still o artifacts produced to the lack of technological advancement on the field but they said that in the future this technology would be present. Right now, they are piling dead bodies to be preserved so that in future they would be revived again. The fourth aspect pertains to the ends, function or valence of the technology. Man always seeks on how he can prolong his life here on earth. The function of this technology is basically to pro long and enhance the life of man and to be able to extend the limitation to another level. With this, the desire and needs of man to be â€Å"immortal† could be attained. To be with your love one forever and to defy the death are of the function of this technology. The fifth aspect is the factual knowledge. This pertains on how the technology will work and how it operates. In the Cryonics, they made use of the other organisms of animal that are capable of reviving itself after being frozen. When the body was frozen, it stops all cellular action and in turn the body was clinically dead but some animals like the frog has the capability to reanimate itself after beng frozen the has an innate mechanism that allow them to do that. In humans, we are not capable of that that why the cryonbiologists are still searching a way to be able to know how to resurrect and frozen body. With this, it plays a role in the further development of the technology. The last aspect is the social context or organization in which technologists are developed, distributed and employed. This pertains to the division of labor, where each has different task but has similar goal and same accomplishment and that is to be able to enhance the life of humans. In the institute, where Cryonics were conducted, it is composed of different people with different fields. There are programmer, cryontechnicians, cryonbiologists, engineers and many more. All of the make-up a institution that is will make â€Å"immortality of ice possible†. All of these people have different specializations but they all contribute make the technology that would enable to revived a frozen body possible. The technology is made due to interaction of different fields and this is the most important aspect of technology. Without the help of other fields the technology would not advance. In the movie, the dynamic relationship of science and technology on Cryonics is that the technology is dependent on the science. This is based on my understanding and based on what I saw in the movie. The technology that would enable to reanimate a frozen dead body in not yet feasible in the present. Although science and technology are independent the technology to revive a frozen body is still dependent to science. Without proper knowledge on how to fix all the ruptured cells on frozen body, the techniques and technology would not be able to advance. The people in the institute admit to themselves that in the present there will not be able to resurrect the frozen bodies. But they said that in the future, together with the advancement on technology, they would be able to reanimate a frozen dead body. They still need to gather more knowledge and expand research on nanotechnology to be able to make a technology that can revive a person or enhance its quality of life by extending it to the normal life expectancy of man. All they were doing today are series of research and experiment to further developed the technology they had today. I am not saying that the technology is always dependent on the science. Science and technology are mutually interdependence. The science shows the principle on technology will work and in return the technology helps the science to advance itself. An example of this is Microbiology. Without the invention of microscope, the field Microbiology, Cytology and Genetics will not be born. And absent in the advancement of either one of this will result in stagnation of the other. With the advancement of this technology, there are ethical issues that would arise from the technological system. First kind of ethical problem is the questions about how ethical values and norms apply n new technological context. This can be seen in the arising of moral concerns against the church. Reanimating a dead person defies the presence of a God, who has the power to give and take the lives of the person according to church. It also defies the law of nature. Reanimating of a dead is a mortal sin for the religious sects. This is the main ethical issue that would arise when the technology would be completed. Another kind of ethical issue that would arise is the questions concerning distributive justice and equality. With the advancement of technology in Cryonics, only a group or a class of people would benefit from this technology. Only the rich, elite and powerful will have an easy access on this technology. Since the technique would surely be expensive, not all people will be able to be brought back to life once they had died. Not all people will have equal chances to have a so called â€Å"immortal† life. Due to limited sources and facilities of the technology and the massive population of the human, only the powerful, rich and elite people would have the advantages on the technology. Thus, the questions on social justice and equality would arise due to technological innovation. The last kind of ethical issue that would arise is the question about the technology’s power to create dramatic changes. With the advancement in Cryonics and if the technology that can enhance the life of human to become â€Å"immortal† would be realistic then it would cause a greater problem to ourselves and the environment. Together with the enhancement of life, there would be decrease in the death rate of the humans. This would imply a more rapid growth in the population of the humans. With the increasing number of people and limited resources, there would be competition among people and other creatures. This would lead to an ecological imbalance. This advancement of technology would alter the world by destroying the environment to have a shelter, extinction of other organisms due to lack of habitat, and arising of wars due to completion on natural resources. Together with the advancement n technology, we the people who created it should also have limitation on what kind of technology we are making. Technology s a double edge sword that is both beneficial and detrimental at the same time. It is up to the people on how the will make used of the technology. We should not only look on the benefit we get on the technology but we should also think the consequences before it become too late to fix the problems brought by technological advancement.

Euthanasia and Suicide

Marquis de Montcalm in the French and Indian War

Marquis de Montcalm in the French and Indian War Marquis de Montcalm - Early Life Career: Born February 28, 1712 at Chateau de Candiac near Nà ®mes, France, Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon was the son of Louis-Daniel de Montcalm and Marie-Thà ©rà ¨se de Pierre. At the age of nine, his father arranged for him to be commissioned as an ensign in the Rà ©giment d’Hainaut. Remaining at home, Montcalm was educated by a tutor and in 1729 received a commission as a captain. Moving to active service three years later, he took part in the War of the Polish Succession. Serving under Marshal de Saxe and the Duke of Berwick, Montcalm saw action during the siege of Kehl and Philippsburg. Following his fathers death in 1735, he inherited the title of Marquis de Saint-Veran. Returning home, Montcalm married Angà ©lique-Louise Talon de Boulay on October 3, 1736. Marquis de Montcalm - War of the Austrian Succession: With the beginning of the War of the Austrian Succession in late 1740, Montcalm obtained an appointment as aide-de-camp to Lieutenant General Marquis de La Fare. Besieged at Prague with Marshal de Belle-Isle, he sustained a wound but quickly recovered. Following the French withdraw in 1742, Montcalm sought to improve his situation. On March 6, 1743, he purchased the colonelcy of the Rà ©giment dAuxerrois for 40,000 livres. Taking part in Marshal de Maillebois campaigns in Italy, he earned the Order of Saint Louis in 1744. Two years later, Montcalm sustained five saber wounds and was taken prisoner by the Austrians at the Battle of Piacenza. Paroled after seven months in captivity, he received a promotion to brigadier for his performance in the 1746 campaign. Returning to active duty in Italy, Montcalm fell wounded during the defeat at Assietta in July 1747. Recovering, he later aided in lifting the siege of Ventimiglia. With the end of the war in 1748, Montcalm found himself in command of part of the army in Italy. In February 1749, his regiment was absorbed by another unit. As a result, Montcalm lost his investment in the colonelcy. This was offset when he was commissioned mestre-de-camp and given permission to raise a regiment of cavalry bearing his own name. These efforts strained Montcalms fortunes and on July 11, 1753, his petition to the Minister of War, Comte d’Argenson, for a pension was granted in the amount of 2,000 livres annually. Retiring to his estate, he enjoyed the country life and society in Montpellier. Marquis de Montcalm - The French Indian War: The next year, tensions between Britain and France exploded in North American following Lieutenant Colonel George Washingtons defeat at Fort Necessity. As the French Indian War began, British forces won a victory at the Battle of Lake George in September 1755. In the fighting, the French commander in North America, Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau, fell wounded and was captured by the British. Seeking a replacement for Dieskau, the French command selected Montcalm and promoted him to major general on March 11, 1756. Sent to New France (Canada), his orders gave him command of forces in the field but made him subordinate to the governor-general, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial. Sailing from Brest with reinforcements on April 3, Montcalms convoy reached the St. Lawrence River five weeks later. Landing at Cap Tourmente, he proceeded overland to Quebec before pressing on to Montreal to confer with Vaudreuil. In the meeting, Montcalm learned of Vaudreuils intention to attack Fort Oswego later in the summer. After being sent to inspect Fort Carillon (Ticonderoga) on Lake Champlain, he returned to Montreal to oversee operations against Oswego. Striking in mid-August, Montcalms mixed force of regulars, colonials, and Native Americans captured the fort after a brief siege. Though a victory, Montcalm and Vaudreuils relationship showed signs of strain as they disagreed over strategy and the effectiveness of colonial forces. Marquis de Montcalm - Fort William Henry: In 1757, Vaudreuil ordered Montcalm to attack British bases south of Lake Champlain. This directive was in line with his preference for conducting spoiling attacks against the enemy and conflicted with Montcalms belief that New France should be protected by a static defense. Moving south, Montcalm mustered around 6,200 men at Fort Carillon before moving across Lake George to strike at Fort William Henry. Coming ashore, his troops isolated the fort on August 3. Later that day he demanded that Lieutenant Colonel George Monro surrender his garrison. When the British commander refused, Montcalm began the Siege of Fort William Henry. Lasting six days, the siege ended with Monro finally capitulating. The victory lost a bit of luster when a force of Native Americans who had fought with the French attacked the paroled British troops and their families as they departed the area. Marquis de Montcalm - Battle of Carillon: Following the victory, Montcalm elected to withdraw back to Fort Carillon citing a lack of supplies and the departure of his Native American allies. This angered Vaudreuil who had desired his field commander to push south to Fort Edward. That winter, the situation in New France deteriorated as food became scarce and the two French leaders continued to quarrel. In the spring of 1758, Montcalm returned to Fort Carillon with the intention of stopping a thrust north by Major General James Abercrombie. Learning that the British possessed around 15,000 men, Montcalm, whose army mustered less than 4,000, debated if and where to make a stand. Electing to defend Fort Carillon, he ordered its outer works expanded. This work was nearing completion when Abercrombies army arrived in early July. Shaken by the death of his skilled second-in-command, Brigadier General George Augustus Howe, and concerned that Montcalm would receive reinforcements, Abercrombie ordered his men to assault Montcalms works on July 8 without bringing up his artillery. In making this rash decision, Abercrombie failed to see obvious advantages in the terrain which would have allowed him to easily defeat the French. Instead, the Battle of Carillon saw British forces mount numerous frontal assaults against Montcalms fortifications. Unable to break through and having taken heavy losses, Abercrombie fell back across Lake George. Marquis de Montcalm - Defense of Quebec: As in the past, Montcalm and Vaudreuil fought in the wake of the victory over credit and the future defense of New France. With the loss of Louisbourg in late July, Montcalm became increasingly pessimistic about whether New France could be held. Lobbying Paris, he asked for reinforcements and, fearing defeat, to be recalled. This latter request was denied and on October 20, 1758, Montcalm received a promotion to lieutenant general and made Vaudreuils superior. As 1759 approached, the French commander anticipated a British onslaught on multiple fronts. In early May 1759, a supply convoy reached Quebec with a few reinforcements. A month later a large British force led by Admiral Sir Charles Saunders and Major General James Wolfe arrived in the St. Lawrence. Building fortifications on the north shore of the river to the east of the city at Beauport, Montcalm successfully frustrated Wolfes initial operations. Seeking other options, Wolfe had several ships run upstream past Quebecs batteries. These began seeking landing sites to the west. Locating a site at Anse-au-Foulon, British forces started crossing on September 13. Moving up the heights, they formed for battle on the Plains of Abraham. After learning of this situation, Montcalm raced west with his men. Arriving on the plains, he immediately formed for battle despite the fact that Colonel Louis-Antoine de Bougainville was marching to his aid with around 3,000 men. Montcalm justified this decision by expressing concern that Wolfe would fortify the position at Anse-au-Foulon. Opening the Battle of Quebec, Montcalm moved to attack in columns. In doing so, the French lines became somewhat disorganized as they crossed the uneven terrain of the plain. Under orders to hold their fire until the French were within 30-35 yards, the British troops had double-charged their muskets with two balls. After enduring two volleys from the French, the front rank opened fire in a volley that was compared to a cannon shot. Advancing a few paces, the second British line unleashed a similar volley shattering the French lines. Early in the battle, Wolfe was hit in the wrist. Tending to the injury he continued, but was soon hit in the stomach and chest. Issuing his final orders, he died on the field. With the French army retreating towards the city and the St. Charles River, the French militia continued to fire from nearby woods with the support of floating battery near the St. Charles River bridge. During the retreat, Montcalm was hit in the lower abdomen and thigh. Taken into the city, he died the next day. Initially buried near the city, Montcalms remains were moved several times until being reinterred at the cemetery of the Quebec General Hospital in 2001. Selected Sources Military Heritage: Marquis de MontcalmQuebec History: Marquis de Montcalm Fort Ticonderoga: Marquis de Montcalm

The Idiosyncratic Volatility Anomaly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Idiosyncratic Volatility Anomaly - Essay Example Investors look to these corporate-level indicators when determining the most viable security purchase that will facilitate effective returns and minimize risk of volatility. The IVOL comes into play when a specific security does not conform to known economic models that illustrate either inverse relationships to tangible corporate level characteristics or direct relationships to known securities in a comparable category. Various factor-model equations have been developed to establish the expected rate of return of a security, utilising complex variables such as known excess stock returns, known sensitivities to volatility risk, and certain conditional market means (averages). Consider the complexity of one such factor-model calculation to determine expected security return: Exhibit 1: Factor-Model Calculation to Determine Expected Aggregate Returns Source: Ang, et al. (2006). The cross-section of volatility and expected returns. The interchangeable variables within similar equation m odelling dictate no elongated explanation of the complexity of this scientific approach to aggregate security returns. However, such models that determine not only future stock returns, but also volatility risk with a specific security or basket of securities in comparable industries, are designed to facilitate more effective and profitable security investment. The idiosyncratic volatility anomaly is an acknowledgement that not all common stock securities will produce returns that follow a logical model of analysis and computation based on known historical patterns of return and volatility. Various models for determining aggregate returns, based on corporate-level dynamics or market risks (among other criteria), should produce consistent stock returns that are in-line with mathematical expectations. The tangible market returns of a security will, at times, illustrate a direct relationship with such modelling that serves to justify these scientific methods of analyses. During other m arket conditions, such returns conflict these models designed to facilitate a more shrewd investment with no legitimate explanation as to why low returns occurred with the security. These are the dynamics of the idiosyncratic volatility anomaly: predictable corporate level characteristics and valuations of a firm, the known statistical significance of the model used to identify expected aggregate returns, and linear examination of historical stock trends should all serve to justify the long-term return of a security. What actually occurs in the stock market is a confliction of these predictive models, often with no concrete explanation for why the security became exposed to higher volatility, price shock, or variable returns. The IVOL is highly pervasive in domestic and global stock markets with many researchers seeking solutions for the recurring prevalence of this anomaly in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Eurasian nations (Chen, et al. 2012; Savickas and Zhao, 2012; Be rrada and Hugonnier, 2009; Jiang, et al. 2007). Berrada and Hugonnier (2009) identify this routine irregularity citing disparities between the idiosyncratic volatility factor with a direct relationship to stock returns in the U.S., and Ang, et.al (2006) confirming this factor tends to hold true in other nations. The dynamics of what genuinely causes the IVOL prevalence is uncertain, as no singular method of determining its catalysts has yet been determined. However, there is speculation that it can be related to